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HISTORY 



OF THE 



STATE OF VERMONT 



FROM ITS 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT 



TO THE 



CLOSE OF THE YEAR MDCCCXXX. 



BY NATHAN HOfeKlNS. 



** ////, libertaie adepta, fioruerunt.''^ 
VERGENNES: 

PUBLIKMED BY J. SHEDD. 

IS31. 



^41 



> 



DISTRICT OF VBUIMONT, to wit r 

Be it remembered, that on tlie twelltli day of February, m 
the fifty-fifth year of the lnde))eiidenre of the United States oi 
America, Nathan Hoskins and J. Shedd, of the said District, 
have dejx^sited in this office, the title of a b.X)k, the right wherof 
they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit: "A 
History of the State of Vermont, from its discovery and settle- 
ment, to tlie close of the year 1830. By Nathan Hoskins. — 
' Jlli, libertate adepta, floruerunt.' " In conformity to the act of 
the Congress of the United States, entitled "an act for the en- 
couragement of learning, by securing the coj^ies of maps, chart.s, 
and -books, to tlie authors and proprietors of such copies, during 
the times therein mentioned." 

JESSE GOVE, 
Clerk of the District of Vermoni 
A true copv of record, 'examined and scaled bv me, 

J, GOVE, rierk. 



^ ^ 



Gamaliel Small, printer. 




PREFA<i^li!ir 



History is indeed th® store house of experience, 
the mirror of duties, the source of morality, and the fouu- 
dation of virtuous conduct. It informs us of those events 
which the triumphs of time have obliterated from the vis- 
ible operations of the world. It unfolds to view the pro- 
ceedings of antiquity, nnd gives us a knowledge of the il- 
lustrious dead, by setting forth their transactions, their 
virtues, and tlieir faults. Without its aid^ tlie boundaries 
of our own observations, and the limited sphere of our 
own prejudices, must always keep uS in a state of infan- 
cy and ignorance. The utmost extent of human longevi- 
ty is an imperceptible point, in comparison with the sericF 
of ages that have rolled back into obscurity since tlie ccm- 
mencemcnt of Creation. And all we can know is cGi>- 
fined to this point, unless we call to our aid the study of 



PREFACE. 

History. Impressed with such ideas of the advantages 
and happiness acquired from historical researches, the 
author of this work has attempted to give a general and 
correct History of Vermont. Under this title, however, 
a complete developement of all the proceedings which 
may have had an influence upon the formation of national 
character, or the establishment of the liberty and indepen- 
dence of our country, cannot be expected within our pres- 
ent limits. Much embarrassment has been experienced 
in designating such military or political matters of the 
general government, as have an immediate or remote in- 
jRnence upon the History of this particular State. The 
events which have succeeded, since the shores of Cham- 
plain were first viewed by civilized man in this and the 
other hemisphere, have presented the most brilliant epoch 
in th« annals of time. Every empire or government on 
the globe has shared in the sufferings or participated in 
Ihe benefits which the conquests of two centuries have 
produced. From the reign of William HI. to the recent 
peace with Great-Britain, the waters of this Lake have 

been a common highway for contending nations. Hence 
1* 



PREFACK. 

the territory lying within the present lin)its of this Stntr. 
wa8, anterior to any settlement in the same, a scene ot'wr.r 
and bloodshed. It becomes therefore necessary to era- 
brace so much of the iiccounl of the French and Indiafi 
wars as eventiiated in the limits of the State. My airr\ 
has been, in giving a narrative of the most important 
events in the History of Vermont, to place Hiot^c princi 
pies of civil and religious freedom for which our ances- 
tors contended, in the most conspicuous light, and to re- 
cord those multiplied instances of patience, bravery, and 
patriotism, which have honored their names; and to elfect 
by the tenor of a narrative, rather than by moral rcflec- 
tionp, impressions of patriotism and virtue upon the mind 
df the reader. There v, ill doubtless he many imperfec- 
tioiis in the ^urh, which ti:e author would very kindly re- 
ceive corrected by an intelligent public. 

THE AUTHOU. 

Wrgcnnes^ FtLruanj 1, 1^31. 



CHAPTER I. 

ISiiuation— Extent — Mountains — Rircrs — Lakes — Baj/.'^ 
^Climata—ForeHt Trees— Esculent and Medicinal 
Plants — Quadrupeds— Birds, Fishes, Insects, Miner- 
alogy and Geology. 

The first and most |>erfect accounts we have of the dis- 
covery and settlement of countrie?, furnish but a partial 
representation of the real character of the times. The 
features of particuhir transactious are unknown by the col- 
orings in the picture of recorded events. J3uring the 
period of the first settlement of Vermont, the events of 
the American revohition, and the extensive conquests in 
Europe by the arms of the French, gave a powerful^ im- 
pulse to the patrioism and enterprise of the people. Such 
causes have established a highly prosperous and respect- 
able character for the State. The situation of Vermont 
on the terraqueous globe, is between 42 degrees M min- 
utes and 45 degrees of North latitude and between 3 de- 
grees 31 minutes and 5 degrees and 24 minutes east longi- 
Tude, from Washington. It is entirely an inland State, being 
separated at the shortest distance about eighty miles from 
any part of the ocean. This State is bounded on the south 
by Massacliusetts. This is part of the divisional line, 
being 40 miles in length, as established by a division of 
(Jeorge the II. between Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
shire, and was surveyed by Richard Hazcn, in February, 
1741. Conneticut river form.s the eastern boundary of 
V^ermont. This line by pursuing the course of the river, 
is about 215 miles in length and is derived from a decree 
of Geor'^e the III. by v* hich the western bank of the afore* 
said river was declared to be the boundary line between 
the Provinces of ?>^ew Hampshire and New York. The 
north line of the State runs on a parallel of 45 degrees 
north latitude, from Connecticut river to lake Champlain. 
This line, dividing a portion of the United States from 
Canada, is 90 miles long, and was surveyed in 1772 by 
I. Collins and I. Carden, but very erroneously aiUr- 
wards Doct. Williams made some observations for deter- 
mining it, and it was again surveyed by commissioners 
appointed by the United States and (xrcal Britain, under 
the treaty of Ghent. Tlie wej?tern botmdarx was eottlod 



S HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

157 1 9 n.iinl ?^ I "^ ^^^^® ^'"^"^ north to south is 

.ho„f f- ? ' """"^ '^' '"^^'""^ ^^'^^th from east to west s 

m the Uninn ;n^ • ™°"''' "'"^ '"''^' mountainous State 
emove L j'" "T} "'' "'^•''^'"^ '° ^-^'^''^'ve as 
' "i me spectatoi. I he Cireen Mounto ns extend fmm 
^outh ,0 north through the whole length otUe State 
Keepmg about a middle direction from Connec icut Hv*; 
en the oast, and lake Champlain on the west. Th " nonr, 
ams eommence near the sea coast, and after running 
trough Connecticut, Massachusetts and ¥0™'"?! 
ractof notless than four hundred miles in en"h ler 
minate >n the Province of Canada. This ran"e Vs one 
continued chain or collection of mountains. Th^ir vidll 
^^generaliy from ten to fifteen miles, and among hmt 
ficquency of vall.es, an abounding of springs and an u,^! 

of°tt"st:;r;o"\^ r°'r '''■°" ""^ -utircm boLary 

}LT ,u Washmglon county, the range continue^ • 

Imt here he tnountains separate inio two ra.,ges, t" e easV 
ern .s called the height of land, which separales^he waters 
fall.ng from this part of the State and Connecticut rm 
from those wh.ch flow into the lakes Champlain any 
Al.mphremagog. The western range is interZned and 
broken through by the Onioa ..d L.Loille rner ; C««- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 9 

els Rump or Hump, and Mansfield mountains, the loftiest 
eminences in the State, are in this range; the height of 
the former above tide water is 4188 feet, and that of the 
latter is 4279 feet. There are several other considerable 
eminences in the State, some of which do not belong to 
the chain above described. The tops of these mountams 
are generally composed of rocks and covered with moss 
and pine, spruce, hemlock, and other species of trees 
called evergreens, intermixed with bushes and wmter 
grass, which constitute the principal varieties of vegeta- 
ble productions that nature brings forth on the tops of 
these mountains. Upon ascending the summits of these 
mountains, the powers of creation regularly degenerate^ 
and the trees in their dimensions are only shrubs of two 
or three feet high, whose branches are so thickly interwo- 
ven as to prevent passing between them. A view from 
the summit of one of them has been described in the fol- 
lowing manner : on the east side of the mountain— every 
where all around, you have rocks frowning upon rocks a/j 
imperial elevation, and dark depths such as nature alone 
can excavate— you can see through the mists, v.'hich al- 
most perpetually surround them, hugh masses so high, so 
rugged in their outlines and yet so heaped and wedged 
together that it is difficult to distinguish the large and bold 
cliffs and ravines among which their foundations have 
been pitched. At such a place as this there is no want 
of enthusiasm •, the whole surrounding country appeared 
like the delineations upon a map— mountains, hills, val- 
lies, rivers and lakes completed the enchantment of the 
Bcene— here the works of man seemed like a speck in the 
solitude of the ocean, the loftiest edifice was lost in the 
blueness of space, and villages, iiumbly catching the shad- 
ows of the mountain, looked like the dwellings of pigmies^ 
perched upon the. bulwarks of creation. The situation of 
Vermont is such, that all the rivers and smaller streams 
have their origin within the limits of the Stata. Eleven of 
the largest of them have an easterly course, and full into 
the Connecticut river. About ten flow westerly and dis- 
charge their waters into Lake Champlain. Two running 
in the same direction fall into the Hudson river, and three 
have a northerly direction, falling into Lake Memphrema- 
gog and pass otf by the River ^t. Francois, through the 



10 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Province of Lower Canada. The largest of those on the 
West side of the mountain, are Missisque river, which 
rises in Kellyvale, and pursues a northeasterly course un- 
til it crosses the line of the State into Canada, and then 
turning re-enters the State near the south east corner of 
Richford, and falls into Missisque Bay at Highgate. This 
river is navigable as far as Swanton Falls, and is seventy 
five miles in length, including all its windings. The riv- 
er Lamoille originates in Greensborough,and after running 
a westerly course of 75 miles discharges itself into Lake 
Champlain at the north west corner of Colchester. This 
is a fine smooth stream, end upon its banks border pleas- 
ant and fertile tracts of interval. It was discovered by 
Champlain in 1609. Onion river proceeds from a pond 
in Cabot, flowing in a northwesterly direction about 70 
miles J it then falls into Lake Champlain between Col- 
chester and Burlington, five miles from Burlington village, 
north. Its principal tributaries are Kingsbury and North 
Branch, Mad, Waterbury and Huntington rivers, and 
Muddy Brook. The several channels which have been 
Vr'orn in the rocks by this river, arc a great curiosity. — 
One of these, at Middlesex, is about 80 rods long, sixty 
feet wide, and thirty feet deep. Another at Waterbury, is 
^^till more grand and sublime, being 65 feet in depth ; a 
third channel is between Colchester and Burlington, of 
tlie same depth of that at ATaterbury. Otter Creek is the 
longest, and one of the most useful streams in Vermont, 
It heads in Mount Tabor, runs northwesterly 90 miles, 
falling into Lake Champlain at Ferrisburgh. From 
Pittsford to Middlebury, a distance of twenty-five miles, 
it is navigable for boats, and from Vcrgennes to its 
mouth, a distance of eight miles, the Creek is naviga- 
ble for the largest vessels on the lake. The rivers that run 
northerly into Lake Memphremagog, and those whicli 
tmite with the Connecticut river, on the east side ol the 
mountain-,are much smaller than those on the west. Among 
liieni. White river is the most considerable stream. This 
ri\er rises in Kingston, and flows in a southern direction 
jibout fifty miles, until it unites with Connecticut river, at 
Hartford. West, and Pasoomsuck rivers are near the 
eize of White river. The Connecticut, so highly celebra- 
ted as the Nile of New-England, has its source among th© 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 11 

mountains of Lower Canada,and coming within the jurisdic- 
tion of New-Hampshire, forms for some distance the boun- 
dary between New-Hampshire and Canada, and for the 
whole length of the states the boundary between New- 
Hampshire and Vermont, it runs through Massachusetts 
and Connecticut, which with the former part of its course 
amounts to four hundred miles, and empties into the 
ocean at Seabrook. The breadth of this river when it 
first enters the state, is 150 feet, in the course of sixty miles 
increases to 390, and its meridian width through Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticut may be calculated at 725 feet. — 
With respect to its length, utility and beauty, this is one of 
the first rivers in the eastern States. In the opening of the 
year, it overflows its banks, and for 300 miles increases 
and fertilizes an extensive tract of fine interval. This riv- 
er is navigable for vessels requiring 10 feet of water 36 
miles, to Middletown — for sloops 50 miles, to Hartford; 
and for boats two hundred and fifty miles, to I>arnet : ex- 
cept the falls, which are now made, and making navigable 
by means of locks and other improvements. Lake Cham- 
plain, into which the rivers from one half of Vermont flow, 
and from them are discharged to the north west, by the St. 
Lawrence into the Atlantic Ocean, was the first large body 
of fresh water, discovered in the interior of North America. 
This lake lies between the States of Vermont and New- 
York, but more than one half of it comes within the limits 
of this State. It extends from Whitehall to Alburgh,a dist- 
ance of 105 miles, and thence 24 miles to St. Johns, in 
Lower Canada; it varies in width from 1 to 15 miles; 
but its medium is almost 4 1-2 miles ; an area of 970 square 
miles. The principal rivers that flow into it from Vermont, 
are Poultney river at Wiiitehall ; Great and Little Otter 
Creeks and Lewis Creek at Ferrisburgh ; Onion and Mis^ 
aisque rivers at Colchester, and Lamoille river at Swan- 
ton. A large number of rivers and streams fall into it from 
New-York and Canada; considerably exceeding those of 
this State. The waters, therefore, which form Lake Cham- 
plain, seem to be collected from a country of greater ex- 
tent than the whole State of Vermont. The river Sorel!, 
after a course of 60 miles, conveys the water of the Lake 
to the St. Lawrence, about 45 miles below Montreal. The 
shcyes of this Lake, are indented with numerous bays, a- 



12 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

mong whicli are East Bay at Whitehall, Button Bay in 
Ferrisburgh, Selburn, Burlington and Colchester Bays, 
in the same towns : also Beianiaqueens at St. Albans, Mc- 
Q,uams Bay at Swanton, and Missisque at Highgate. — 
Some of the principal Islands scattered through the Lake, 
are South and North Hero and Vineyard. No Lake in 
the United States tor the importance of the events, in the 
colonial and national wars of our country, is so highly in- 
teresting and justly celebrated, as Champlain. In the ear- 
ly settlement of North America, the rude craft of the savr 
ago was wafted on its surtace, in his excursions for plunr 
der, and in the war between England and France, and the 
more recent struggle betwixt the United States and Great 
Britain, its waters have been critnsoned with the blood of 
those w^ho suffered, or perished in their successive encoun- 
ters. The name of Lake Champlain, in the eventful peri^ 
ods of history, stands in connection with some of the most 
remarkable events in the annals of our country. At Ti- 
conderoga, 20 miles north of Whitehall, was a fort, of the 
same name: and it was here the British army under the 
command oi General Abercrombie, were repulsed in their 
attempt to take the fort from the French, with the loss of 
1941 men ; and on the succeeding year it was surrendered 
to General Amherst. This fort was taken from the Eng- 
lish by Col. Allen in lv75, and retained until 1777 ; when 
it was evacuated upon the invasion of General Burgoyne } 
Crown Point fortress at Moriah, 14 miles north of Ticon- 
deroga, was built by the French, in 1731, surrendered to 
Gen. Amherst in 1759, and held in the possession of the 
British until the capture of Burgoyne. Fortifications were 
erected during our last encounters with Great Britain, at 
Plattsburgh, where the American fleet, under Commodore 
McDonough, gained a signal victory over theBritisH squads 
ron, on the 11th of September 1814, and at Burlington, 
which is now in disuse. The northern line of this State 
passes across Lake Memphremagog, dividing it into two 
parts, so that about 8 miles comes within the jurisdiction 
of the States, and 32 miles in the Province of Canada. — 
This Lake discharges its waters by the river St. Francois 
into Lake St. Peters, about 15 miles below the mouth of 
the river Sorcll. It is surrounded with a rich soil, and 
/iqe lercl country. In addition to ^his description of our 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 13 

rivers, and lakes, something may be added respecting the 
alluvial deposits, vegetable and organic remains, which 
abound in many places. The interval lands, which bor- 
der upon the numerous streams in the State, incontestably 
demonstrate that nature ha.s, by slow and silent operations, 
performed great and wonderful revolutions. From thirty 
to fifty feet in depth the soil has been changed by attrition. 
Remains of ditferent substances have very often been re- 
moved, which have lain imbedded for centuries at a great 
depth in the earth. These alluvial deposits have a claim 
to antiquity far anterior to any knowledge the Europeans 
possessed of the American continent. Such changes have 
undoubtedly been eftected by the high lands, rocks and ear- 
thy substances,being worn down and removed by the force 
of the streams precipitating from the hills and mountains. 
Thus in the low grounds, vegetable and other loose sub- 
stances have accumulated to a great depth. The alluvial 
lands are the best in the State, being of a very strong and 
durable quality, and suffering but little from rains or drouth. 
There are many indications that lake Champlain was once 
much more extensive than it now is, and covered with its 
waters a considerable proportion of the land, which is now 
greatly elevated above its surface. Shells and clams are 
found in the highest parts of the islands in the lake, im- 
bedded in the marl, or incorporated with the stones ; and 
on the continent they are scattered at heights of forty or fif- 
ty feet above the level of the lake. The soil also, in many 
places, exhibits the appearance of being deposited in reg- 
ular strata on the subsiding of the water. These layers or 
strata are exlensive'y composed of substances varying in 
size and quality. Some are large pebbles, and others fine 
fiilicious sand, which has been cleansed of all earthy par- 
ticles by the attrition of overflowing waters. The obstruc- 
tions to the outlet of the lake were probably somewhere near 
St. Johns,and it appears it was not reduced to its present level 
at one time, but at three or four distant and distinct peri- 
ods. The strongest indications of this, are, a succession 
of banksvone above another, which have every appearance 
of being for a long period washed and beaten by the waves. 
Probably the outlet of the lake was opened on a scale the 
most stupendous and sublime. The extremes of high and 



14 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

low water are about eight feet. The waters of Vermont, 
particularly on the east side ofthe mountain, are soft, and 
tree from foreign substances. On the west side, many are 
impregnated with iron, carbonate of lime, and epsom salt. 
Several springs in the State possess the quality of chaly- 
beate water, or a strong infusion of sulphur. Those at 
Alburgh, Clarendon, Tunbridgc, Newbury, and some oth- 
ers, have been considerably resorted to by invalids. 

ClimaiCf Temperature of the Weather, Snow, Wind, and 
Rain, 
Vermont, lying within the same parallels of latitude with 
Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, Tartary and China, would, 
if corresponding situations could produce similar climates, 
be a very warm and temperate region. Tlie cold and 
sudden changes of weather so frequent here, would be 
succeeded by a temperature as felicitous to health, and 
productive in animal and vegetable varieties as the fertile 
fields of France, or the exuberant vallies of Italy. The 
manufacturer might acquire a profit from an adventure in 
the fabrication of silks, and the farmer gather a reward 
for his labors in the cultivation ofthe grape and the olive. 
And Vermont, an inland and the only entirely mountainous 
State in tlie Union, would, like the elevated regions of 
Spain, be covered with a crown of perennial verdure,or as 
the champaign parts of Turkey, be abundant in her har- 
vest of rice. On comparing the American climates with 
those of the same latitude in Europe, a difference of 12 
degrees should be allowed for the peculiarities of the 
American Continent. The cause of this difference is such 
n predominance of cold as subjects the American, in north 
latitude 45, to an equal degree of cold with the Europe- 
an, residing in north latitude 57. The climate of Vermont 
is on a medium between that of the warm and frigid lati- 
tudes. It resembles the former in the degree of its sum- 
mer heat, and the latter in its sudden changes. The ex- 
tremes of heat and cold are 100 degrees above, and 27 
below zero ; and the mean annual tem perature, according 
to the observations that have been made, is about 44 de- 
grees. December, January and February are the coldest 
woxilhs ; June, July and August, the hotest ; May, the 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 15 

wetest, and September the pleasantost. November is 
uniformly the most dreary season in the year. The sky 
is generally enveloped with clouds, and a freezing and 
thawing state of weather ensues. From observations 
made by Doctor Saunders, at Burlington, it appears that 
the mean temperature of the climate for five years was 
on a medium 43 degrees and one third. From 1701, ob- 
servations of the weather, the result appears to stand thus : 
1025 fair days, 676 cloudy, 2S9 rainy, 117 snowy, 19 fog- 
gy, 45 thunder, aurora borealis, hail and hazy none. As 
the season advances, the coldness of the air increases rap- 
idly, and winter usually commences the first of December, 
and continues until April. The ground is generally fro- 
zen during this period, and sometimes covered with snow. 
The seasons, however, are milder and more variable than 
they were on the first settlement of the State, and the at- 
mosphere is often rendered dark and obscure by smoke 
arising from the spontaneous decay of vegetation. The 
frost usually ceases in May, and comes on again in Sep- 
tember. The winds in this State are of a variable kind, 
and their courses follow the direction of the different ran- 
ges of the mountains. Sometimes they continue to blow 
from one point for several days, but usually change cour- 
ses once or twice in twenty-four hours. In 1G82, obser- 
vations made at Burlington by the gentleman above 
mentioned, the wind blew from the north 739 times, from 
the south 826, from the east 19, from the west 43, from 
the north east 11, from the south east 1, from the north 
west IS, and from the south west 25. The eastern part of 
Vermont is more exposed to the nerth east winds than 
the vicinity of lake Champlain, and they are there more 
experienced. The cause of the wind being so variable in 
this Slate is occasioned by the heat and cold expanding 
and condensing the atmosphere. Whenever the agitation 
of the air ceases, and a calm ensues, the electric fluid im- 
parts heat, and rarifies the surrounding atmosphere, this 
becalmed strata becomes lighler than the circumambient 
fluid, and consequently ascends when the cold air rushes 
in from opposite directions. Thus at a distance of twenty 
or thirty miles, the wind may blow from the north and south 
in opposite directions. Violent and destructive winds 



16 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

rarely occur. Storms of tnander and lightning are com' 
mon here in the summer months, and usually proceed from 
the west and south west. The q.uantity ot^ rain which falls 
in North America, has been lound to bs double of that 
which falls in the same latitudes in Europe. The average 
depth of water which falls annually in the United States 
i% about forty-eight inches,and in Vermont about forty-t\\ q 
inches. Although many parts of the Union sufler severely 
i'rom drouth, yet it is not often the case in Vermont. The 
soil is naturally moist, the mountaii\s are producti\c of 
rain, and the heat of the sun is not so intense as suddenly 
to disperse the vapors, dry up the waters or parch the 
lands. The summ.er of 1S16 was the coldest ever known 
in Vermont. In 1826, no rain fell at Vergenncs, and s6 
through the greatest part of the State, from tlic ^th of Ju- 
ly until about the 28th of September. The ground was 
completely parched, and vegetation entirely dried up. — 
Springs and wells generally failed of affording water. 

Forest Trees, Esculent and Mtdicin al Plants. 
The natural history of a country is so intimately con- 
nected with the civil, that an omission of it would render 
the^ latter less certain and useful. Without a knowl- 
edge of this branch of history, the condition of that period 
when the earth was covered with woods, and the hills and 
vallie3 shaded with a variety of plants, flowers and trees, 
as ancient as the powers of nature, would be forgotten 
and unknown. The memorials of that period, when na- 
ture's bounty furnished protection and sustenance to Ihe 
animals of the forest, are but a sad lesson of extirpation 
and decay ! The first settlers of the United States were 
furnished with a living and employment by mear^s of 
agriculture, which had a great inliuence in the formation 
of their habits and character. An understanding of this 
i>art of history, becomes, therefore, necessary in delinia- 
ting our national customs and pursuits. In an inland 
State like this, where agriculture is the principal busi- 
ness, the original growth of the soil is mutilated and de- 
stroyed with a progiess as rapid as the increase of its in- 
habitants. The forests, which had for centuries heen ma- 
turing, wore regarded as an incumbrance, rather than ca- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 17 

timated for their value. Thus by gradual improvements, 
and cultivation of the lands, Vermont has been stripped 
of her native grandeur. The white pine, the greatest or- 
nament of this, and probably of any forest on the Ameri- 
can Continent, is principally destroyed. It was often 
found six feet in diameter, and two hundred and 6fty feet 
in height, with a beautiful foliage, perfectly suited to the 
8tem which it adorns. The oak, so highly valuable for 
strength and durability of its timber, remains but in small 
quantities, and those mostly in such situations as discove- 
ry has not reached, or neglect has preserved. The sugar 
maple affording a luxury from its saccharine juices, and 
great convenience in its timber and fuel, has been so di- 
minished by the progress of cultivation, that groves of this 
majestic and valuable tree, once overspreading a large 
proportion of this State, are now found only on unfeasi- 
ble, or mountainous lands. A similar destruction has 
been made of many other valuable species of trees; and 
some of which are entirely extirpated. The different situ- 
ations and qualities of land peculiar to the growth of dif- 
ferent kinds of forest trees, range in tiiis order. The in- 
tervals along the large rivers were formerly timbered with 
oak, butternut, elm and walnut.. The plain lands were 
generally covered with pine. On the medium land, the 
timber was usually beach, birch and maple, often inter- 
mixed with spruce, hemlock, elm, ash, bass, butternut, 
cherry and hornbeam.. In some parts of the State are 
swamps which afford a plentiful supply of cedar. The 
sides and tops of the mountains are covered with ever- 
greens, mostly hemlock, spruce and fir.. Respecting the 
small trees, or shrubs, vines and vegetables, which grov/ 
wild and without cultivation, the following are some of 
the esculent vegetables : red, yellow and thorn plumbs ; 
black, red and choke cherries; hazlenut, black currant, 
wild goseberry,. whortleberry, barberry,, mulberry, black 
grape, fox grape, black raspberry, red raspberry, upright 
blackberry, cranberry, strawberry, artichoke, groundnut, 
long red potatoe, wild onion, wild hop,, the latter of 
these are only valuable for their roots and seeds. Those 
possessing medicinal qualities are considerable numerous, 
but not very powerful.. The whole number of indiginoue 



18 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

}>i{ints, together with the most common exotics in th3 
State, amount to something more than six hundred and 
fifty. The ginseng >vas discovered in this part of the 
country about 1750. It grows tg great perfection in tlie 
north part of this &tate, and has been a considerable arti- 
cle for exportation. The Indian turnip is a valuable and 
harmless medicine when dried, but taken green, is a most 
violent poison, producing spasmodic attections, and some- 
times immediate death. The balsam obtained from the 
bark of the lir tree, which abounds in our mountains, pos- 
sesses healing virtues highly valuable as a medicine.— 
The extract obtained from the bark of the butternut, is a 
very good cathartic. To these are added some others, 
which operate as poisons. The thorn apple, henbane, 
nightshade, ivy, cre^^ping ivy, swampsumac and bane- 
berry. There is also the bayberry, distinguished for its 
beautiful green wax, and fine perfume. The prickly ash, 
for its uncommon aromatic properties. The witch hazle, 
which blossoms after its leaves have been destroyed by 
the frost. And the sumac, celebrated for its medicinal 
qualities, and for dyeing. The great variety, extent and 
number of our plants and trees, together with their rapid 
increase and duration, denotes a power and energy which 
nature has never exceeded in the same climate, in any 
other quarter of the globe. 

Quadrupeds. 
Upon settling a new country, or state, the advantages 
derived to society lYom such settlements are valuable, as^ 
they extend the boundaries of civilization, and increase 
the subsistence and numbers of ma4ikind, but they are 
detrimental to the existence of v.ild animals, and conse- 
quently they are almost exterminated from the soil. The 
wilderness, untouched by the efforts of industry, and un- 
trod by the footsteps of man, is their only secure and 
peaceful dominion. A destruction of many species, and 
a diminution of those that remain, on settling this ^tate, 
are among the most important events in the progressive 
stages of natural history. The deer no longer ranges 
over the rough and craggy tops of our mountains, or 
browses upon the green verdure of our vallies. The moose 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 19 

has been obstructed in his pathway, and his loftj mien 
13 no longer seen in the covert of our forests. The hoarse 
and tarrific bowlings of the wolf have ceased, and that 
most ingenious, harmless and industrious animal, the 
beaver, has been extirpated, the fraternity of his united 
and social intercourse prostrated, by the success of our 
improvements. But these are not the only animals which 
have shared the hard fate of extermination. The rivers 
and streams which water this State, were formerly stored 
with fish in abundance, the bubbling brooks were darken- 
ed with crowds of speckled trout, and the deliqate salmon 
resorted in great numbers to our rivers; but the places jf 
their resort and protection are swept away by the chang- 
ing channels of the streams, so that the size and number 
of the former are too diminutive for notice, and the latter 
have entirely deserted our waters. The soil of Vermont, 
ia an uncultivated state, was rich and fertile, and the 
powers of vegetation extremely vigorous : it was over- 
spread with an unbroken forest, and a great variety and 
number of animals, which lived on its surface. The pro- 
ductions of animal life, appeared in the various forms of 
quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishos and insects, which in 
their increase and growth, were numerous and rapid. Of 
the native quadruped in Vermont, thirty-six different. kinds 
may be numbered, some of the most common and largest, 
are the moose, bear, wolf, deer, fox, raccoon, porcupine, 
skunk, woodchuck, cat, martin, rabbit, weasel, squirrel, 
mole, mouse, together with the amphibious animals, the 
beaver, otter, muskrat and mink; all of these animals, ex- 
cept the beaver and otter, still continue. The birds which 
are common to the inland parts and lakes of northern 
climates, are found in this State ; and those most 
distinguished for the variety of their notes, and the 
melody of their sounds, termed singing birds, are the rob- 
in, thrush, thrasher, boblincoln, yellow and blue bird, wren, 
black bird, sky lark, catbird, goldfinch, hanging bird, and 
spring bird. The birds of passage are those which ap- 
pear in the middle of April, and depart in the middle of 
September : the house, barn and ground swallows, the 
black martin, wild pigeon, wild goose, and snow bird ; the 
la«tof which appears the 20th of November, and departs 



20 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the 1st of April. Of those birds which generally resort to 
ponda, rivers and lakes, called waterfowls, are the heron, 
goose, teal, gull, crane, loon, stork, water hen, and duck. 
There are many kinds of these. The birds which winter 
in our climate, are the partridge. Crow, forkecl tailed hawk, 
owl, snow bird, and wood pecker. There are other kinds 
of birds, not belonging to those above mentioned, such as 
two species of eagles, three of hawks, two of crows, and 
seven of wood-peckers, kingbird, cwckoo, whippoorwill, 
humming bird, and many others ; some of which have nev- 
er been enumerated and described. Thebat,a mammilla- 
ry biped, is very common, and forms the connecting link 
between the beast and bird. 

Fishes. 

The variety of Fishes in the waters of Vermont, of the 
most consequence, are the salmon, trout, shad, pickerel, 
bass, sturgeon, perch, pout, eel, shiner chub, sucker, and 
dace. Some of them were formerly very abundant in the 
State. 

Serpents, 

The Serpents are the black snake, rattle snake, green 
snake, striped snake, and adder. The striped snake is 
very common, and harmless ; but the bite of the rattle 
snake is poisonous, and fatal. The amphibious reptiles 
are two kinds of toads, six kinds of frogs, turtles, and liz- 
ards. Many instances are related of living frogs being 
found inclosed in the wood of trees, in yolid rocks, and 
the bowels of the earth, where they must have Iain in a 
torpid state for a long period of time. At Burlington, Cas- 
tleton and Windsor, living frogs have been found in the 
eolid earth, from 6 to 30 feet below the surface. 

Insects. 
The Insects are numerous, but the most common are the 
grasshopper, cricket, spider, ant, butter-fly, beetle, v/asp, 
hornet, musquetoe, bumble and honey bees. From all ac- 
counts, respecting the honey bee, in Mexico and South 
America, there is no doubt of its being indigenous and 
common to North and South America. They live in hol- 
low trees in the woods of Vermont, from year to year, are 
rigorouf, attain their full dimensions, and plentifully sup- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. . 21 

plied with honey. They wero frtuiid by the earliest set- 
tlers, along the shores of lake Champlain, more than one 
hundred miles from any permanent English or French set- 
tlement. 

Mineralogv. 
An examination of tlie Miilerals found in this State, haa 
not till recently received much attention. Iron is very 
abundant. In some parts of the State, lead, zinc, copper, 
manganese, copperas, garnets, and kaolin clay, have 
been discovered. The various mineral substances aboun- 
ding in the mountains, might be turned to very profitable 
account, both for useful and ornamental purposes at home, 
and as profitable articles for exportation abroad, was a 
sufficient attention bestowed upon the subject, to ascer- 
tain their properties, and acquire a competent t-kill in 
working and selling them to advantage. Iron, so indis- 
pensable to the arts, commerce and agriculture, and even 
tiic continuance of civilized life, has been wrought in con- 
siderable quantities, and of a superior quality, from the ore 
abounding on tlie west side of the mountain ; and could,, 
by proper attention, -be made a very general and lucrative 
article of trade. Timber, for coal, is, and will continue 
to be, very abundant upon the broken lands. Convenient 
water privileges, for erecting works, flow near the mineral 
localities, and a water communication from New-York 
reaches within short distances of the places where the ar- 
ticles would be fabricated. Encouragement only is wan- 
ted to bring these vast resources into an immediate public 
advantage. Business so propitious to the rising interest 
of the country, requires notiiing more for its promotion 
than the active cntecpriso of the people. Had the fcame 
attention and spirited exertions been given to manufactur- 
ing, there has to agriculture, and the inveterate habit of 
considering manufacturing establishments schools of in- 
iquity, and calculated to exert a demoralizing influence 
on society, no doubt the prosperity of tlie business would 
augment the commercial resources of the State, and hold 
the artizans of Europe at defiance. So far from the as-- 
isertion being supported by facts, that vice and immoral 
habits are tl»e consequent inmates of manufacturing estab- 
lishments, that industry and business habits of the work- 



2U . HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

shop, are among the best methods of checking the intero- 
periince of the indolent and licentiousness of the profligate. 

Geology. 
The eastern shore of lake Champlain, from ten to fifteen 
miles distance, the rocks belong to the transition class, 
and on t!ic rivers are very considerable tracts of alluvial 
(icposits. The ranges on the west side of tlie mountain, 
are, beginning at the lake,—!. Old red sand stone— 2. Grey 
wack — 3. Transition lime stone, alternating with Transi- 
tion Argillite— 4. Transition or Caciferous sand stone— 5. 
Transition Argillite— G. Primitive Argillite — 7. Sparry 
lime stone— 8. Granular lime stone — 9. Granular quartz, 
containing hematitic ore and manganese, and lying at the 
base of the Green Mountains, on the west side — 10. Horn- 
blende rock — 11. Gneis, with alternating layers of gran- 
ite, — Micha slate, constituting the middle ridge of tho 
Green Mountain range, and extending in many places a 
considerable distance down the eastern side. On the east 
side of the mountain, the geological features are not so 
well known as on the west. Lime stone is found in many 
towns near Connecticut river; also argillaceous slate, 
which isextensively quarried at Vernon, Dummerston, and 
many other towns. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 23 

CHAPTER II. 

The Discovery of Vermont — Situation of Indian Trihes. 
— Indian Character. — Battle between the Algonquina 
and Iroquois. — Expedition against the Mohawks. — Dis^ 
covcries, grants, and settlement on the American conti- 
nent.- — New-England and other colonies founded. — 
King William^ s War. — Destruction of nchenectadi' in 
1790. — Queen Anne^s War. — Burning of Deerfield in 
1704. — Crown Point built in 1731. — Incursions of tha 
French and Indians in the War of George the II. de- 
clared in 1744. — Encroachments of the French upon 
the English colonists, from Maine to the Mississippi. — 
Expedition against Canada,by William Johnson. — Ma$- 
eacre at Fori William Henry in 1757. — Change of Brit- 
ish Ministry inlUbS. — Abercromhie^s Invasion and Da- 
feat at Ticonderoga. — General Amherst takes the com- 
mand of the American forces. — Captures Ticonderoga. 
— Expedition against the village of St. Francois, by 
Maj. Rogers. — Surrender of Canada to Great-Britain, 

The first discovery of the interior of North America, 
by civilized man, was by Samuel Cjiamplain, who sailed 
up the lake which now bears his name, in 1609. At that 
period, European settlements, in this part of New-Eng- 
land, had not commenced, nor were they until the Eng- 
lish colonists arrived at Plymouth, in 1620, when tho 
shores of New-England were first inhabited by civilized 
beings. The Indians occupied the whole country, for 
raising corn, hunting, and fishing. Their habitations and 
cultivated grounds were usually npon the rivers and plains, 
while the hills and mountains were resorted to for tho 
chase; and to this use they appropriated the wilderness 
of Vermont. The Mohicans, a minor tribe of the Iroquois, 
whose principal residence was at Albany, claimed tjie ju- 
risdiction, and had an occasional residence in Vermont. 
Antiquities of an Indian character are discovered in many 
parts of the State, particularly upon the largest rivers, and 
lake Champlain. On the island of South Hero, they had 
« settlement near the sand bar that crosses the lake into 
Milton; and another iii Colchester, on what aro denomi- 



2i HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

naled the Indian fields. Arrows and other utensils are 
frequently thrown up, on breaking the soil. The St. Fran- 
cois Indians had a settlement of about fifty huts, and a 
considerable quantity of cleared land, on which they rais- 
ed corn, in Swanton. They had also quite a station 
at Coos, now called Newbury, on their passage from tho 
tribes in New-England to those upon lake Memphrema- 
gog. • The settlers of the town of Clarendon derived their 
title t>om the Indians ; and this was the only grant obtain- 
ed from them in tho State. 

The principal tribes of Indians at this time, located in 
New-England, were those of the Pawluckets, and their 
auxiliaries, the Agawams and Piscataquas : these had their 
principal residence near the mouth of theMerrimac river. 
The tribes inhabiting Massachusetts bay,were the Nepon- 
sotts and Nashuas — the Acumtucks resided at Deerfield. 
The eastern part of Rhode-Island, including Cape Cod, 
was inhabited by the Pokanockets. Here tho grand Sa- 
chem lived, on the arrival of the English, holding his scat 
near mount Hope, in Bristol. On their coast the pilgrim 
fathers first landed, and were at one time charitably sus- 
tained by their kindness and attention, while at another, 
tiiey were nearly destr*)yed by their valor. Various other 
tribes were scattered through New-England. A short 
time previous, to the arrival of the New-England Colony, 
a terrible pestilence, conjectured to be the yellow fever, had 
s"vept off more than half of their numbers. This ©vent, 90 
destructive to the natives, was very favorable to the Eu- 
ropeans establishing themselves, upon the American 
•bores. The Tarateens or Abenaquies were located upon 
the Penobscot, Androscoggin nnd Saco rivers, in the 
north part of New-England. Tliey removed afterwards, 
and settled on the river St. Francois, and were said to be 
the first Indians who become acquainted with the use of 
gun powder and fire arms. The Five Nations, who took 
their stations before the commencement of the English 
settlement, possessed the country from the eastern limits 
of Lake Erie to Lake Champlain. From the Kittatinny 
mountains, and the highlands, to I-ake Ontario, and the 
Cataragui, or the St. Lawrenc©. The Mohawks settled 
on the Mohawk riv«r, and held their chief residence about 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 25 

IS miles from Schenectady, being the tribe adjoining those 
who passed the territory of Vermont. The Indians resid- 
ing in Canada, when it was first discovered, were the Ab- 
gonquins, along the banks of the St. Jjawrence, from Que- 
bec to Montreal; and the Hurons, who were dispersed a- 
bout the Lake, which bears ■'heir name. Those were some 
of the principal tribes and their allotted territories, who 
were engaged, in the controversies betv/een tlie French 
Pul English colonies, and usually effected a passage, in 
tiieir hostile encounters upon the waters of Lake Oham- 
plain. 

The origin of the Indians cannot be determined by his- 
tory, nor will calculation ever arrive at a probable certain- 
ty. Some writers have declared, tiiat they were indigenous, 
whilst others maintain the opinion of their migration : but 
consider them the extremes of human depravity, and out- 
casts of the world. Criminations have been throv.-n upon 
them, they have been driven from their possessions, and 
the quietness of their dwellings have been interrupted by 
insolent invaders. Dissipation, introduced among them 
by their civilized neighbors, has brought on tlie pain of 
disappointment, and the conflict of barbarity. 

The Indians are well formed, of a copper complexion, 
v/ith long black hair, and high cheek bones. Their lan- 
guage is composed chiefly of natural sounds, and is deficient 
in such as are arbitrary. From a want of copiousness, it 
requires to be illustrated by many gestures; and abounds 
in metaphor, and allusion. They seem to be delighted on 
all possible occasians to make their meaning known by 
significant gestures. Hence hostilities are proclaimed, bv 
Bending their adversary some weapon of war. Among 
the Indians, the v/omen were treated as brutes, rather tlian 
the companions of human beings. 1'he contract of mar- 
riage was in fact a purchase, and so was considered br 
themselves. The savage, without tenderness, or refine- 
ment, does not look for pleasure, in the beauty, chastity 
and aflection, or in the attachments, conversation and re- 
fined manners of the female, but in the labors and menial 
services she is able to perform. Tiie character of the In- 
dians may be properly compared to the aspect of an un- 
cultivated country ; whose pleasing variety and dreary 

3 



26 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

wildness alternately delight and amaze us. The Indian^ 
unacquainted with civilization, exercises his inventions 
only for the immediate conveniences of life. He has no 
contested beauty to win by his gallantry, and no applause 
to expect from his refinements. His renown is placed in 
the hazard of his undertakings, and the success of their 
execution. To a mind fierce and implacable, and a reso- 
lution bordering upon desperation, the barren and inhos- 
pitable region, has no discouragement for his ambition ; 
distance, no mitigation for his resentment. The Indian, 
accustomed to the speed of the chase, is active and en- 
during; the mountain, the river and the forest, are th© 
scene of his delight, and the harvest of his wants. His 
body is weak for want of laborious exercise, which in 
civilized countries invigorates the mind, and gives energy 
to the system. In this rude condition, he scarcely exer- 
cises his reason, his ideas are confined to a narrow sphere^ 
his intellect is limited and his emotions languid. His 
attention is employed about a few objects, which are only 
conducive to his present enjoyment. Thus, where nature's 
gifts are spontaneously bestowed, he dozes away his time, 
in spiritless apathy or senseless stupidity. His political 
regulations are few and unimportant, for the extension of 
his rights are no greater than the possessions of his toil. 
His lands are not cantoned for cultivation, but remain a 
wild for animals and game. He engages in war,not so much 
for interest as revenge ; the desire of vengeance, which 
inflames the savage, resembles the instinct of a brute rath- 
er than the passions of man; he turns with fury upon the 
weapon which wounds him; as though endowed with sen- 
sensibility and life. His milita.*-y operations arc diflerent 
from those of civilized nations. The glory of the soldier, 
is not in the attack of an open force — to surprise is tho 
chief merit of the commander, and the pride of his follow- 
ers — success obtained witliout blood, is considered a dis- 
grace to a veteran savnge.^ The torture w hich is inflicted 
upon a prisoner exceeds th.e utmost pains of sickness op 
natural decay. Insult and violence, which would shock the 
heart of depravity, are offered and endured w ithout a look 
of pity or thought of regret. The burning stake, with all 
the horrors of dissolution, is welcomed, without a groan. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. ^ 



A display of fortitude in so dreadful a situation, is the no- 
blest triumph of the Indian warrior. Freedom is the pride 
of his feelings. Witii him slavery is unknown, and like 
tli8 A^stolic union, all things are possessed in com- 
mon. His^ligion, like that of many of the eastern na- 
tions, consisTs in worshiping some visible objects, to which 
he ascribes the attributes of a God. The Indians in the 
territory of the United States, made no advances towards 
the discovery of letters. Tlie Only things they seemed 
desirous of recording, were the deeds of their warriors. — 
Whenever they v/ere victorious, they made rough figures 
and imitations upon the trees, to represent the direction of 
their march, and the numbers they had captured and slain 
of their enemies : sometimes, their inscriptions v^ere made 
upon rocks, but were confined to warlike afiairs. Where 
West river, in this State, forms a junction with Connecti- 
cut river, several of these inscriptions remain. They are 
irregularly placed and rudely scratched upon a rock, and 
sunk but little below its surface ; four of these represent 
the wild duck, and the fifth was probably designed to rep- 
resent a fox or wolf. Ten or twelve figures of a superior 
workmanship, are wrought into the surface of a rock, at 
Bellows' Falls, in Rockingham. The heads of men, wo- 
men and children, and some animals, are represented by 
these inscriptions. The outlines of these figures are awk- 
ward and badly executed; being sunk into the rock at 
least one third of an inch. What transactions they were 
intended to represent, tradition gives us no account. At 
the time Champlain founded the colony at Q-uebec, and 
circumnavigated the Lake which now bears his name, the 
Algonquins, a tribe inhabiting Canada, whose principal 
seat was at Hocklega, were at war with the powerful na- 
tion of the Iroquois. Champlain and his party of Indians 
of the Huron tribe, who had sullered severely from the in- 
roads of the Iroquois, and two Frenchmen went on an ex- 
pedition through Lakes Champlain and St. George, to a- 
venge themselves upon their enemies. Being discovered 
upon the shores of the Lake, a skirmish took place. The 
Frenchmen were armed with muskets, which was the first 
time, probably, that the Iroquois had ever seen the efiect 
c?f gun-powder, and the vicU)ry obtained over them, was 



!» HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 

complete. Fifty were killed and the remainder put to 
flight. Tiiis transaction gained tor the new settlers tho 
iViendly attention of their Indian neighbors. The colony 
at Q,uebec, by reason of the Five Nations regaining 
their former ascendency over their anci^ enemi(>s, 
were full of apprehensions, that the time was not far dist- 
fant, when they should be forced to abandon their country. 
The court of France interfering in their distress, sent a 
detachment of four hundred troops, which in the course of 
two years were reinforced with a regiment more, nnd went 
out on an expedition against the Mohawks, one of the Fivo 
Nations, in 1665, This detachment marched by th.e way 
of lake Champlain, on snow shoes, and came very near 
perishing, when they accidentally fell in with a settlement 
at Schenectady, and were saved by the interposition of 
Corlear, one of its inhabitants. After another expedition 
into the country of the Mohaws, attended with great ex- 
pense and fatigue, but with little advantage, a general peace? 
was concluded in 1667. During this season of peace, M, 
Courcclies, the Governor of Canada, was not inactive. — 
He foresaw that peace with savages would be of short du- 
ration. Accordingly he made preparations f(jr the future 
defence of Canada. To prevent the irruptions of the Iro- 
quois into his province l>y the way of lake Champlain, he 
built, in 1665, the forts Chambly and Sorel. Such were 
the inhabitants of America at the time of its discovery and 
(settlement : a race of uncivilized and ferocious savages^ 
Tho first attempts at forming a settlement within the pres- 
ent limits of the United States, was by the French, in 1562. 
This colony, commenced by Jasper Coligni, at Port Roy- 
al, was probably designed as an asylum from religious per- 
secution, which then raged in France. Fifty years after 
the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, and 
forty-seven years before the discovery of lake Champlain 
and the green mountains of Vermont, by Samuel Cham- 
{)luin, this settlement was commenced, which, however, 
was entirely broken up. The first permanent settlement 
commenced in the United States was under the direction 
of Christopher Newton, at Jamestown, in Virginia, J6C0. 
The Dutch began the colonization of New-York in 1614 ; 
tad the Pilgrim colonists, c<Jisisting of 120 persons, bo- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 2d 

gan tholr settlement at Plymouth, in 1620,under the direc- 
tion of Mr. Carver. The whole number of itihabitants 
among all the colonists, in 1G20, did not exceed 2G0O. A 
general convention of the English colonies was held at Al- 
bany in the year 1631. Their object was to guard against 
the incursion of the French, and against the Iroquois 
tribes, who were under the influence and instigation of the 
French Jesuits. The storm was averted by a treaty of 
peace, trade, and alliance, entered upon by Howard, pres- 
ident of the convention, and the Five Nations. In treating 
upon the events which transpired within the limits of tiie 
New-Hampshire grants, it will be necessary to describe 
the transactions of the colonies, which led to the frequent 
navigation of lake Champlain and traversing the then v.il- 
dcrness region of the green mountains. The wars occa- 
sioned by the vices and follies of the Kings of England and 
France, produced most of the controversies and sufferings 
experienced by the early settlers. The colonists engaged 
in warfare whenever the European governments were at 
issue with one another. Thus they had not only to shara 
the troubles of the mother countries, but also the barbar- 
ism and ven^^jeance of the sava£fes. 

The affairs of the colonies were always in confusion un- 
til a pacification between France and England took place. 
The first hostilities between the settlers of Canada and 
the British Colonies, originated on William's accession 
to the throne of England, in 16S9, which terminated in 
the peace of Ryswic, in 1697. Queen Anne's war, so 
called, commenced in 1702, and continued to the peace 
of Utretcht, in 1713. The third controversy was declar- 
ed by George II. in 1744, and continued lyitil the prelimi- 
naries of peace were signed between France and England, 
at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 174S. The last conflict between 
these powers, anterior to the American revolution, was 
formally declared by Great-Britain in 1756, and was re- 
ciprocated the same year on the part of France. Louis 
XIV., king of France, in attempting to support the fugi- 
tive sovereign of England, kindled a war between his coun- 
try and Great-Britain. The French in Canada directed 
their arms against New-England and New-York, and in- 
stigated the Indians to join in these hostilities. In 1C89, 

3* 



30 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

throe expeditions were fitted out in the dead of winter ; cut 
iigainst New-York, a second a^^'^inst Ne\v-I!anipbhirc\ 
and the third against Maine. That against New-York 
was put under the direction of D'Aillebout, wlio had un- 
der his command about two hundred Frenclimen and fifty 
Indians. Being well acquainted with the country, they 
proceded by the way of lake Champlain, and after a march 
of twenij-two days, in the most reduced circumstances, 
arrived in the month of January at Schenectady, a village 
upon the Mohawk. The inhabitants, although notified of 
the designs of the enemy, felt perfectly secure, consider- 
ing it impracticable for any men to march fronj Canada at 
this inclement season of the year, bearing their provisions 
on their backs. On Saturday night, about II o'clock, 
Februarys, 1690, they entered the village whilst the inhab- 
itants were reposing in profound sleep, and invested with 
Jimall parties every house at the same time. Th.e noise and 
violence of the onset had scarcely awakened them before 
the most inhuman barbarities were perpetrated. I'liey set 
fire to their houses, and men, women and children were 
dragged from their beds and inhumanly murdered. Sixty 
persons fell by the hands of the enemy, twenty-seven wero 
carried away into captivity, and the remainder fled naked 
to Albany, through a deep snow, twenty-five of whom lost 
their limbs through the severity of the weather. The/ 
were pursued by a party of young men from Albany, wh» 
took twenty of their number prisoners. To avenge thia 
atrocious and unprecedented outrage, an expedition was 
fitted out of 2000 troops to penetrate Canada, by the way 
of lake Champlain, and attack Montreal at the same time 
that a naval arwjament should invest Q,uebec. This plan, 
liowever, failed, without accomplishing any thing. The 
troops did not cross the lake, for want of boats and pro- 
vifeions. The undertaking terminating so unpropitiously, 
that the Five Nations received very unfavorable impres- 
sions towards the English colonies. To retrieve which, 
and keep alive their hostility towards the French, Major 
Scliuyler, of Albany, placed himself at the head of a party 
of Mohawks, passed through lake Champlain, and made 
a vigorous irruption upon the French settlement on tho 
river Sorel. la this encounter about three hundred of tko 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 31 

enemy wore slain. This invasion of Canada exciter! tho 
veteran Frontenac to return them a call by the same way. 
Arriving January i5th, 1695, tliey attacked the Mohawk 
castle, lost thirty of their men, but carried the Indian for- 
tress, v/ith the capture of 300 iNIohawks. The pro.^ecu- 
tion of hostilities in the reign of Q,ueen Anne, was mar- 
ked with the most savage brutality on the part of the French 
and Indians, in their excursion against Deerlield, in tho 
winter of ITOl. 

A force of about three hundred, under the command of 
De Rouvillc and his two brothers, took their route by the 
way of lake Champlain, until they came to the French (now 
called Onion) river — passing up that stream, thence over 
to Connecticut river, on which they travelled upon the ico 
to Deerfield. Tiiis place was slightly fortified by two or 
three garrisons, which were nearly covered by snowdrifts. 
The party approached on the 29th day of February, and 
embraced the opportunity about two hours before day, 
when the sentinels were all asleep, to rush on to the at- 
tack. Entering the house of Rev Mr.Williams,they seized 
and bound him, butchered two of his children and a black 
servant, before his eyes. Having conquered the placo 
and killed forty-seven of its inhabitants, they set fire to it, 
and departed the same day in great haste. A skirmish en- 
sued, but the enemy were completely successful, and car- 
ried 112 of the inhabitants of Deerfield into captivity. -~ 
Attempts v/ere further made at the reduction of Canada; 
in one ot which, the troops to attack Montreal advanced 
as far as lake George, under the command of General 
Nicholson; but returned, on account of the wreck of tho 
fleet that was to co-operate with them on the French lines. 
A treaty of peace, concluded at Utrecht, put an end to tho 
difficulties. France ccdedNewfoundland and NovaScotiu 
to England, and stipulated that the subjects of France, ia 
hostile to her, in Canada and other places, should here- 
after give no hindrance to the Five Nations, nor any oth- 
er nation of Indians who are at peace with Great-Britain. 
The French now determined on making nearer approach- 
es to Albany, while the attention of New-York was enga- 
ged on the western lakes. Accordingly, in the year 1731, 
they sailed through lake Champlain with a considerablo 



52 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

force, and erected a fort at Crown point. This was a well 
devised measure to promote their own interest. The lake 
bad been a thorough-fare, through which their expeditions 
against Schenectady, Mohawk castle, and Deeriield, had 
been directed. In all attempts at the conqijest of Cana- 
da, lake Champlain was the contemplated way for making 
Buch excursions. A fort at the straits of lake Champlain, 
Becuring tlie whole navigation of it, commanding a largo 
portion of the English and Indian frontiers, furnishing a 
magazine of arms and ammunition to supply troops, pro- 
viding an asylum for the Indians when retreating from 
their plundering and murdering expeditions against the 
English frontiers, was an establishment of the highest 
importance. The garrison was first stationed on the east 
side of the lake, now in the town of Addison ; but after- 
wards they established it on a peninsula on the west side, 
now called Crown point. During the war declared by 
George the II. which continued four years, from 1741, the 
only achievements in the then wilderness vale of Cham- 
plain, were by scouting and navigating parties of French 
and Indians, who spread destruction and dismay, by plun- 
dering, killing and scalping wherever they could find de- 
fenceless individuals or settlements. At Charlestown, on 
Connecticut river, a fort had been built some time previ- 
ous to tiie commencement of the present war, to protect 
the frontier settlements of New-Hampshire. In the spring 
of the year 1747, after having killed and captivated some 
of the inhabitants, and destroyed their cattle in this place, 
the enemy made attempts to take the fort and destroy the 
settlement. A large party of French and Indians, under 
the command of M. Debeiine, commenced the attack. — 
Captain Stevens, a bold and successful officer, resisted 
their encroachments with eflect. The next movement was 
to eet fire to the fences, log-houses, and other buildings 
adjoining, and burn down the fort. For two days thia 
method of aysault was continued, and then they prepared 
Q wheel carriage, and loaded it with dry faggots, which 
was moved before them to set fire to the fort. These at- 
tempts were frustrated by the. bravery and discernment of 
Stevens and his men. Debeiine urged the garrison to 
Burrendcr, but was answered, that the fort would be de- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 33 

fended to the last extremity. An offer was then made, 
that if Stevens would sell them provision??, they would 
depart; to which he replied, that he would give tivc bush- 
els of corn for any ca])tive they would bind themselves by 
a hostage to bring back from Canada. On receiving this 
answer, Debcline withdrew his troops to Crown point. — 
Sir Charles Knowles, of the British navy, presented Capt 
Stevens, for this distinguished act of bravery, vvitli an el- 
egant sword. Small parties of Indians continued killing 
and captivating the settlers, pillaging their property, 
and burning their dwellings, during the continuance of 
this v/ar. 

The most advanced fortress, at Williamstown, was be- 
sieged in 1748, by an army of 900 Frencli and Indians, 
who continued the siege twenty-eight hours, until the gar- 
rison, consisting of thirty-three persons, had expended all 
their ammunition, and were obliged to surrender. Colonel 
Hawks, the English commandant, lost but one, rpa] tho 
<;ncmy forty-nve. At this time, encroachments were mak- 
ing upon Nova Scotia, a considerable part of v/hich tiio 
French laid claim to, and were erecting fortincations in 
several places. Crown point was sett'ing in the Dorth, 
and in the west attempts were not only making to com- 
plete a line of forts from the head of the St. Lawrence to 
the Mississippi, but they were advancing tar into Virgin- 
ia. A circumstance, which served to bring on the war, 
was, the alledged intrusion of the Ohio Company upon 
the territory of the Frencii. This company, consisting 
of individuals from London and Virginia, had obtained 
a grant of 600,000 acres of land on or near the Oi»io riv- 
er, for carrying on the fin- trade and settling the country. 
The Governor of Canada, supposing they would deprive 
him of the this trade, and prevent communications between 
Canada and Louisiana, claimed, by a former grant, the 
country i?ast of the Ohio river to the Alleghany moun- 
tains, and forbid encroachments by the English. The 
French Governor manifested his hostile determination, by 
t^eizing several of the English traders and carrying them 
away captives, which aroused the indignation of the 
Twightwee Indians, who, by the way of retaliation, took 
several of the French traders and sent them to PennsyJ- 



34 IIISTORY OF VERMONT. 

vania. Complaints were laid before Governor Didwid- 
die, who presented the subject to tlie Assembly, which 
ordered a messenger ((jcorge Washini^ton, atterwarda 
t!)G illustrious benefactor of the United States, being the 
person cjiosen) to attend and settle the dispute ; but the 
jttLempt proved fruitless, and all prospect of a reconcilia- 
tion terminated. Hostilities were commenced without a 
formal declaration of war, which happened near the first 
settlement of Vermont. 

Among the expeditions fitted out against difTerent pla- 
ces upon the Canadian frontiers, was one against Crown 
Point, under Colonel William Johnson. The Provincial 
troops, to the amount of 6,000, were ordered to rendez- 
vous at Albany. 'J'he command of tlie expedition was 
given to Generals Johnson and Lyman, who collected an 
array together before the first of Jime, 1757, and were 
joined by Ilendrick, a Mohawk Sachem, with a consid- 
erable body of Indians. The main army under the direc- 
tion of General Lyman, marched as far as the carrying 
place, four miles from thci south end of lake George. — 
Fort Edward was built at the carrying place, where Gen- 
eral Jobnson arrived fronj Albany, with the provisions, 
erllUery and batteaux, necessary tor the enterprise, and 
they were in readiness to advance to the lake at the lat- 
ter dnd of August. lie proceeded from Albany to the 
Bouth end of lake George, where all were engaged in mak- 
ing j)reparation^ for crossing the lake. The army was 
Btationod on rising ground, having a thick woods on each 
side of them, the lake in the rear, and a breast work of 
trees in fiont. 'j'he Indian scouts, while matters were 
tl)U3 conditioned, brought intelligence that a largo body 
of the enemy were advancing by South Bay, from Ticon- 
deroga, to Fort Edward, where General Johnson had 
stationed a garrison of about five hundred troops, under 
the command of Colonel Bianchard. One of the expresses 
«ent to Colonel Bianchard, returned in the silence of the 
night, with tidings that the enemy had advanced within 
four miles of Fort Edward. A council of ofhcers was 
summoned, by whom it was concluded, that Colonel* 
Williams and'Whiting, with ilendrick, the Mohawk com- 
mander, and his Indians, should be detached, with a par- 



FIISTORY OF VERMONT. 36 

if of one thousand men, to intercept the enemy. The ar- 
my of the enemy, for the purpose of cutting otfthe garri* 
eon at Fort Edward, marched from Ticonderoga under 
the command of Baron Dieskau, and received informa- 
tion that it was strongly fortified, but that the army at tho 
lake were destitute of arms and cannon. He resolved to 
attack the main camp, which was discovered by the ad- 
ranced parties, at the distance of three miles. An am- 
bush was immediately laid to surprise the party, which 
was completely successful. Colonel Williams, Hendrick, 
and many other officers and men were slain. Those who 
escaped this fatal ambuscade made safe their return to 
the corps under Colonel Whiting, the successor in com* 
mand. The victors pursued the fugitives within about 
thirty rods of the camp — made a little halt, and began the 
attack by a brisk and heavy firing of platoons. They 
fought with great resolution, after a few moments trepi- 
dation, and the reception of a few fires. The Canadians 
and Indians were so intimidated at the firing of the artil- 
lery, that they retired in coufusion behind the trees and 
bushes. Baron Dieskau, finding that he could make no 
impression from any movement, to force a passage, was 
obliged to abandon the attempt. The provincials seeing 
the confusion of the er»emy, leaped their breastworks, and 
attacked them with such resolution as to put them to ao 
entire rout. About TOO were killed, and 30 taken pris- 
oners. Baron Dieskau was found among tlie number 
who were slain. The loss of the provincials was about 
two hundred, principally from the detachment under CoL 
Williams, together with forty IiKiians. As a detachment 
under Captain Mc(iinnes wa* marching the next day from 
Fort Edward, to reinforce the camp, when near tiie spot 
where Williams was defeated, discovered between 3 and 
409 of the enemy, sitting by the ford. He attacked them 
with such impetuosity, that after a severe contest, they fled 
iu the utmost confusion. The brave commander received 
Q mortal wound in the contest. Nothing of further impor- 
tance occurred at this place, except the erection of a fort 
at lake George, called Fort William Henry, and the com- 
pletion of the works at Fort Edward. The troops return- 



36 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

cd to their respective colonies, except those retained to 
keep the garrison. 

That part of the campaign for 175G, which related to 
the fortresses upon Lake George, was committed to the 
brave and active Montcalm. He concentrated his forces 
at Ticonderoga, consisting of Regulars, Canadians and 
Indians, during tlie absence of most of the British troops, 
and passing up Lake (Jeorge, commenced the siege of 
Fort William Henry with 500 men. At this time, General 
Webb, with tlie English army consisting of 4 or 5000 men, 
was encamped at Fort Edward. Colonel Monroe, an 
English ofncer, had under his command at Lake George 
H force of 2300 regulars and provincials, a part of vrhom 
were stationed at Fort William Henry and the remainder 
at a fortified place afterwards made the site of Fort 
George. After some skirmishing, the batteries of the 
French were opened on the same ground where the village 
of Caldwell now stands. M. Levi and the Chevalier La 
Corne stationed two divisions of the army in the woods, 
south of Monroe's position, to cut otf the communication 
with Fort Edward, and an advanced party lay on the road 
near an extensive morass, about five miles towards that 
Fort. Monroe defended his precarious situation from the 
3d to the 9th of August, expecting relief from General 
Webb, at Fort Edward, who iiad received pressing soli- 
citations for relief, from the besieged, whicii he treated 
with the most emphatic and inlmman indifference. Many 
of Monroe's guns burst, and his ammunition expended, he 
was theref^ore obliged to surrender. On the Otii, articles 
of capitulation were signed, the terms of which ■nere, that 
the vanquished should retain their arms, and be escorted 
to Fort Edward. The possession of the works were im- 
mediately given up to the French ; wiien the Indians 
rushed instantly over the parapet, and seized such arti- 
cles as they could, with imi)unity; then they commenced 
their depredations upon the baggage of the officers, which 
was represented as a violalation of the terms of the capitu- 
lation. But, in contempt of this, the Indians attached to 
the French army, fell upon the defenceless prisoners, and 
massacreed whoever came in their way. Tlie whole gar- 
rison, consisting of two thousand men, women and cliildren, 



HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 37 

Out of which fifteen hundred were killed or made prisoners, 
and many of them never returned. Major Putnam was 
despatched with a companj of rangers to watch the move- 
ments of Montcalm ; but he arrived at the shore of thu 
Lake just after the French had embarked on their return 
to Ticonderoga. The prospect was awful and horrid in 
the highest degree. The fort was demolished — the bar- 
racks and oot-houses were a heap of ruins — the cannon, 
stores and utensils were carried away — the fires were still 
burning, with smoke and stench suffocating and offensive. 
Numberless fragments of human skulls, bones, and car- 
cases half consumed, were still broiling and frying in the 
decaying fires. Dead bodies mangled with scalping 
knives, in all the wantonness of Indian barbarity, were 
•every where to be seen. 

More than one hundred women, inhumanly stabbed and 
butchered, lay naked on the ground, with their bowels 
torn out and stiil weltering in their gore. Some had their 
throats cut, and with others their brains were oozing out, 
where the hatchet had cleaved their heads. Destruction 
and horror every where appeared — a spectacle too diabol- 
ical and horrid to be described or endured. A most for- 
tunate change for the safety of the Colonies and the honor 
of the British arms, took place in the English iMinistry 
in 175S. Th© celebrated Lord Chatham was now placed 
at the head of the administration, who animated, the Brit- 
ish council and invigorated the energies of the Colonies, 
that were exhausted and discouraged by a series of ill 
planned and unfortunate expeditions. The English met 
"with success in almost every encounter, until Cafiada was 
entirely subdued. Circular letters were addressed to the 
Colonial governors by the prime minister, by which they 
were assured of the determination of the ministry to send 
a large force to America, and called upon them to raise as 
many troops as their numbers and circumstances would 
permit. Massachusetts and Connecticut together fur- 
nished 15,000 men, who were ready for service in May, 
An expedition was fitted out this year, 1758, against Ti- 
conderoga, under the direction of (ireneral Abercrombie, 
commander in chief of the British forces in America. — 
His troops, amounting to 16,000 strong, were conveyed 

4 



33 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

across lake George by means of one thousand and thirty- 
five boats, and hmded under the cover of a heavy artille- 
ry, without opposition. The English General advanced 
towards the fort as the French retired through an almost 
impassable woods. On approaching the fort, Lord Howo 
was killed in a skirmish with an inconsiderable number of 
the enemy. The army pressed zealously on to revengo 
his death, when 300 of the French were killed and one 
hundred taken prisoners. Information was communicated 
to Abercrombie, that a reinforcement of 3000 men wero 
immediately expected : therefore he determined to storm 
the fort, before the arrival of his artillery. The expedition 
was abandoned after four hours of severe fighting, with 
the loss, on the part of the assailants, of 1941. But Cew 
of the enemy were killed, and most of these were shot 
through the head ; their bodies being defended by the 
breast work. General Amherst succeeded Abercrombie 
as commander in chief in the campaign of 1759. He led 
on his forces, the 22d of .Tuly, against Ticonderoga, wliich 
surrendered soon after his arrival. The enemy, after- 
wards evacuating Crown point, returned to the Isle Aux 
Noix. General Amherst, relinquishing his successful 
pursuit, marched his army back to Crown point, where 
he encamped for the winter. Measures were concerted, 
in the mean time, to make the enemy feel the resentment 
of the Colonies, on account of the brutal ravages of the 
Indians upon the frontiers. The St. Francois tribe, set- 
tled on the St. Lawrence in 1703, had for a long time 
committed their bloody depredations upon the provinces 
of New-Hampshire and Massachusetts. Major Rogers, 
a bold and successful ofncer from the province of New- 
Hampshire, was appointed by Gen. Amherst to proceed 
with two hundred men in batteaux down lake Champlain, 
and from thence to the Indian village, and there revengo 
themselves upon these merciless cannibals, who had so 
dastardly and promiscuously murdered men, women an<l 
children — burnt their dwellings and destroyed their elTects. 
After several misfortunes by the way, they came in sight 
of the town on the evening of the Sth of October, 1759. — 
He then ordered his men to refresh themselves, while he, 
dressed in the Indian manner, took an interpreter, and 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 39 

wont out to reconnoitre the town. Finding them engaged 
in a great dance, he returned at2 o'clock. About4 o'clock, 
on the breaking up of their powwow, Rogers rushed into 
the town, knocked down, shot and killed in real Indian 
style, all who came in his way. The settlement contain- 
ed 300 inhabitants, of which 200 were slain and 20 were 
taken prisoners ; every thing was destroyed or taken 
away that could be, and the place was reduced to ashes. 
Several hundred scalps were seen on poles, waving ifi 
the air ; two hundred guineas, a silver image weighing ten 
pounds, together with aquantity of wampum, and clothing 
and provisions, were found. The assailants suffered great- 
ly, from hunger, on their return by the way of Memphre- 
inagog to Charlestown. Some of their number were lost 
by tiie annoyance of the enemy, and thirty-six died. While 
Rogers was engaged in subduing the Indians on the St. 
Lawrence, General Amherst was preparing to march his 
army against the forts and settlements in Canada. Th« 
superiority of a naval force had as yet secured to the ene- 
my the command of the lake. Amherst, on ascertaining 
their strength and situation at the Isle Aux Noix, directed 
Captain Loring to construct, with the greatest despatch, 
a sloop of sixteen guns and a boat sufficient for carry- 
ing six large cannon. These vessels, together with abrig- 
antine, were completed and manned on the eleventh of 
October, when the army, with the commander, embarked 
in batteaux, to engage the enemy. The weather became 
Bo tempestuous, they were obliged to land the next day on 
the western side of the lake. Captain Loring, in the mean 
time sailing down the lake, discovered the French fleet. 
He gave chase to them, drove their vessels into a bay, 
where two were sunk and the other was run aground by 
the crew, who escaped into the woods. One of the ves- 
Bels was repaired and taken away by Loring, who had so 
far succeeded as to leave but one schooner remaining to 
the French. The army again re-em.barked, and procee- 
ded down the lake ; but the General, finding the season 
for acti on had elapsed, and the severity of the winter com- 
ing on, considered it impossible to engage in a new expe- 
dition without endangering his army or running too great 
a risk of not accomplishing his object Ue therefore re- 



40 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

turned to the bay, where his men had been sheltered from 
the storm, and marched to Crown Point for winter quar- 
ters. A new fortress and three new out works were erect- 
ed here, for the more effectual defence of the place. In 
concentrating the provincial forces, to proceed to Montre- 
al on the last English campaign against Canada, in 1760, 
the business was committed to Colonel Haviland. To fa- 
cilitate these operations, Amherst directed that a road 
should beopenodfrom Number Four, on Connecticut riv- 
er, across the green mountains, to Crown Point. Colon- 
el Gotf, with a New-Hampshire regiment, performed this 
service. The road was begun two miles north of the fort 
nt Number Four,and completed tor twenty-six miles, where 
they discovered a path which led to Otter Creek, and a 
good road from thence to the lake. On the l-5th of Au- 
gust the forces under the command of Haviland procee- 
ded down the lake and took the Isle Aux Noix. In eflect- 
ing it, but little resistance was shown, and few were slain 
in the contest. The post was deserted and the forts at St. 
Johns and Chambly became an easy conquest. They then 
crossed over to Montreal, which surrendered on the 8th of 
September, 1760, together with all the French settlements 
in this part of America. During the continuance of six 
years war, but two battles were fought in the valley of lake 
Champlain. The first at lake George, where Dieskau 
was vanquished and Johnson successful; the second at 
Ticonderoga, in which Abercrombie was repulsed and 
Montcalm defended bis post. The population of the Brit- 
ish provinces, afterwards erected into the Republic of 
America, so far as enumeration had been made, amounted 
to 1,499,000. Boston was the most populous town, con- 
taining 15,000— New-York 12,000, Philadelphia 13,000, 
and Charleston between 5 and 6,000. 

On reviewing the operations of the Colonial wars, a few- 
remarks upon their rise, and moral and political efiects^ 
may be worthy of attention. The Europeans first settled 
their country with a determination to secure their rights 
and make a permanent residence on the lands of which 
they took possession. But the natives, alarmed at these 
encroachments, l)ecame jealous and resentful. Contro- 
versies about property gradually resolved themselves into 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. ii 

open hostilities, attended vvith all that cruelty insepara- 
ble from the Indian passions and habits. The interest and 
mutual hatred between the French and English sovereigns, 
furnished another cause for these wars. Whenever they 
supposed it would be for their interest to involve their 
kingdoms in the calamities of war, the Colonies were re- 
quired to join in the cruelties of those bloody contests. 

The moral effect of these wars tended greatly to debase 
and eradicate every principle of justice, humanity and can- 
dor from the mind, and establish feelings of malevolence, 
revenge and injustice. Men who were endeavoring to 
destroy, could not possibly wish to assist one another : in- 
stead of this, they were continually cultivating a spirit of 
abhorrence and revenge. The effect of these wars on the 
eettlement and agricultural prosperity, was still m®re de- 
trimental. The people were obliged to observe a debili- 
tating caution and slowness in advancing their settlements 
into the country; and so fearful were they of being des- 
troyed in their advances on the frontiers, that a proposal 
for locating and settling a township at Coos, (now New- 
bury) in 1752, was abandoned, on the St. Francois In- 
dians refusing this privilege to the public authorities of 
Massachusetts and New-Hampshire. 

Their political effects operated very injuriously Wf)on 
the Colonies, and kept them in a state of absolute depen- 
dence. The governments were embarrassed — necessa- 
ry and useful manufactures were checked — commerce and 
trade were restricted ; and finally, they were designed to 
keep the intellectual powers of the people in a state of im- 
becility and ignorance. 



43 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

CnAPTEll III. 

A Vis?r of the Civil Policy from 1760 to 1775.— First 
Settlement in Vermont. — Grants from New-Hampshire . 

— Proceedings of New-York occasion di^^turhance a- 
mongthe settlers. — American V/ar commenced. — Croicn 
Poi7it and Ticonderoga taken hy Colonel Allen. — (Min- 
eral Montgomery invades Canada. — Allen taken pris- 
oner. — Surrender of the Forts at Chamhly and St, 
Johns. — Montreal given vp. — Ge?ieral Prescott taken. 
— Flight of Carleton. — Arnold and Montgomery arrive 
at Q.uehec. — Hepulse at the seige of that City. — Dis- 
aster at the Cedars. — The Americans retreat from Can- 
ada^ under General Sullivan. — Defeat of the Ameri- 
cans vpon lake Champlain. — The English Axrniy land 
at Crown Point., and return to Canada. — General 
Bvrgoyne appointed to the command of the British Ar- 
my. — Invades the United States. — Invests Ticondero- 
ga. — St. Clair leaves the icorks. — Ilubbardion Battle. 

— The American Vessels destroyed at Skecnsborough, — 
Opposition cf New-England to Burgoyne. — Victory at 
Bennington. — Transactions at lake George. — Batilt 
at Saratoga. — Defeat and Surrender of the Royal 
Army. 

No settlements were made in Vermont until the inhabi- 
tants of New-England, New-York and Canada had pro- 
ceeded by regular advances into its t-eqnestered bounds. 
The Governor of New-York had made a grant of land to 
(rodfrey Dellitis, in 1796. This tract extended from the 
northern part of Saratoga to Willsborough, about 70 miles 
in length and 12 miles in width from Hudson's river on the 
cnst ; but was afterwards vacated by the government of 
New-York. Another tract was granted in the south-east 
corner of the State, consisting of 100, (K)0 acres, in 1716; 
but no settlement was made upon it until 1724, and this 
T/r.s nothing but a garrisoned station. At Crown Point a 
settlement was begun by the French, in 1731 ; yet it was 
continually exposed to ravages of hostile parties and the 
cruelties of the Indians, which rendered the settlement of 
thia State very^slow and uncertain. However, upon th® 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 43 

reduction of Canada, the frontiers of the other province* 
were no longer exposed to the ravages of the French and 
Indians. This afforded a favorable opportunity for settler* 
to establish themselves upon the new lands and advance 
their fortunes by clearing them up and raising produce. — 
The soil was very productive and prospects encouraging. 
Accordingly numerous applications were made for grants 
of new townships. The divisional lines between Nevr- 
Hampshire and Massachusetts being established in 1740, 
the former concluded their jurisdiction extended as far 
west as Massachusetts had claimed ; that is, within twen- 
ty miles of Hudson river. Fort Dummer, erected by 
New-Hampshire, on the west side of Connecticut river, was 
considered as coming within the jurisdiction of that State. 
Notdoubting from these circumstances, that the jurisdic- 
tion of New-Hampshire extended beyond Connecticut 
river, the Governor made a grant of land, in 1749, of the 
township of Bennington, six miles square and twenty miles 
east of Hudson's river and six miles north of Massachu- 
eetts line. Several other towns were chartered in the 
course of four or five years. War breaking out betweea 
Great-Brit^vin and France, put a stop to any further grants 
until the conquest of Canada. By frequently passing 
tiirough these lands on the military road from Charles- 
town to Crown Point, their situation and fertility became 
very generally known, and under Iho direction of tho 
Governor and Council of New-Hampshire, one hundred 
and thirty-eight townships of six miles square were grant- 
e<] on the west side of Connecticut river, extending within 
20 miles of Hudson's river, and to the eastern shore of 
lake Champlain. Governor Wentworth received a large 
amount of money, besides a reserve of 500 acres of land 
in each town. These proceedings roused the feelings of 
the government of New-York, as they, by the grants of 
Charles II. to his brother the Dtike of York, extended 
their claim to all the land west of Connecticut river and 
east of Delaware bay, and intended to have the profits aris- 
ing from the disposal of the same. Governor Colden, of 
New-York, issued his proclamation in December, 1763, 
asserting the validity of the former grants and comman- 
ding the sheriff of Albany to make a return of the names 



14 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

of all the people who, undercolor of the New-IIanipshirc 
grant?, had taken possession of any lands to the west ot" 
Connecticut river. The Governor of New-Hampshire is- 
sued another proclamation to prevent the effects of the 
foregoing manifesto and to quiet the feelings of the set- 
tlers, declaring the grant to the Duke of York obsolete, 
and that the diligent should be confirmed in their grants 
and disturbers of the peace punished. After such assur- 
ances, the honest purchasers had no idea the contest for 
jurisdiction would ever atfect the property of individuals. 
New-York, as if distrusting the grant to the Duke of 
York, applied to the crown for a decision of the contro- 
versy. The Ring, on hearing the representation purpor- 
ting to be made at the request of the settlers, concluded 
it would be for their advantage to be annexed to the colo- 
ny of New-York, ordered, on the 20th of July, 1761, that 
the western banks of Connecticut river, where it enters 
Massachusetts bay, as far north as the 45th degree of north 
latitude, to be the boundary line between the provinces of 
New-Hampshire and New-York. This division, made 
without the saHCtion of any evidence, occasioned no seri- 
ous apprehensions among the people. They concluded 
that it only gave the future jurisdiction of their territory 
to New-York; to which they would cheerfully acquiesce, 
but had no idea of its afTecting the title of their lands, pur- 
■chased under grants from the crown. The Governor of 
JVew-Hampshire, dissenting to the change, but finally 
yielding the contest, issued his proclamation to the set- 
tlers, recommending obedience to the authority of New- 
Y'ork. A construction very dillerent from that of the set- 
tlers was given by the authorities of New-York. They 
claimed that the meaning of the order intended that which 
iiad been^ as well ae what now ie, the western limits of 
New-Hampshire, and that the grants of New- Hampshire 
were void of course. Inexercising their jurisdiction, the 
Governor of New-York divided it into four counties, Al- 
bany and Charlotte on the west,Cumberlaad and (ilouces- 
ter on the east side of the mountain ; and established 
^courts of justice in each of them. A surrender of the 
charters from New-Hampshire was demanded, and new 
grants, at great expense, were ordered to be taken out 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 45 

from the authorities of New-York. Few, liowever, com- 
plied with the requisition. Grants were made to new ap- 
plicants, who instituted actions of ejectment and recover- 
ed without opposition, in the courts at Albany. V>ui to 
carry their judgments into execution, and eject the inhab- 
ifants from their houses and lands, was difficult, and met 
with a spirited opposition. The governn>ent perceiving 
how contemptuously their proceedings were viewed, call- 
ed upon the people to assist the sheriff in the execution of 
liis duty. But it was soon found that no dependence could 
he placed upon this force; for as soon as the settlers ap- 
peared in arms, the militia deserted and the sheriff" found 
himself alone. The opposition, on account of tliese trans- 
actions, became so bold and universal that some of the 
officers became sufferers in attempting to carry their judg- 
ments into effect. At length no officer of New-York dar- 
ed to di:^possess any occupant from his farm. The courts 
at Albany continued to render judgments, which were 
never carried into effect. 

Associations were formed among the settlers for the 
purpose of giving greater forf'e to their resistance, and 
finally a convention of delegates from the towns on the 
west side of tiie mountain was called. This body, nfU-r 
cop.sulting upon the subject, chose Samuel R ohinson an 
ngent to represent their grievances to the court of Great 
]>ritain. and if possible, obtain a confirmation of the New- 
Hampshire grants. Tlie result of his mission proved fa- 
voraljle to ttheir desires. The King and Council granted 
the request of the petitioners. By this, tlie Governor of 
the province of Nevv'-York was required and conmianded, 
from the time being, not to make any grants of lands de- 
scribed in said report, until his majesty's pleasure should 
he further known concerning the same. This mandate 
gave them the fullest confidence that their lands would not 
he regranted. However, they were soon disappointed, for 
thoseorders were contemptuously disregarded. 'J'he Gov- 
ernor made an attempt to conciliate the minds of the peo- 
ple to his regulations, by writing to the Rev. Mr. Dewy, 
and the inhabitants of Bennington, desiring them to slato 
the causes of their unlawful proceedings, and proffering 
i'j the settlers conciliatorv terms, as the circumstanceii 



45 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

would justify, with safety to those they might send on the 
business, except Warner, Allen, and three others, who had 
been leaders in the opposition to New-York, and had stim- 
ulated the public mind by their writings and councils. — 
Answers were given by the excepted persons, in explanation 
of their motives and conduct, and two persons, James and 
Stephen Fay, were delegated to transact this business. — 
Much kindness was shewn them, and stipulations entered 
upon that all public and private prosecutions should be 
suspended until his majesty's pleasure should be known. 
While these regulations were advancing, certain persons 
settled upon Otter Creek were disturbed by one Cockburn, 
a noted surveyor, who undertook to mhke pitches of lands 
upon their possessions. The inhabitants pursued and 
overtook him and his party at Vergennes, where they dis- 
possessed Colonel Reed and his coadjutor,one Bcnzell, of 
a saw-mill and other property, that w as illegally obtained, 
but these persons were delivered up in conformity to the 
wishes of the government of New-York, and lionorablj 
dismissed. During this asperity of feelings, the govern- 
ment of New-York passed an act the most despotic and 
minatory of any thing which had evei appeared in the Brit- 
ish colonies. It provided that if any oflbnders shall not 
Bur render thenisehes pursuant to the Governor's orders, 
they shall be adjudged and attainted of felony by the ver- 
dict and judgment, without the benefit of the clergy. Al- 
bany was the place of trial for all crimes committed in the 
crants. A proclam.ation was issued by the Govcrnor'of 
New-Yoik, proflering 50 pounds as a reward for appre- 
hending Ethan Allen, 8eth Warner, and six others. 8u(h 
increased violence of proceedings terminated every pros- 
pect of reconciliation. Resolutions v»ere adopted Ij 
committees at their meetings in the ccunties of Albany 
and Charlotte, declaring their readiness to defend thota 
denominated rioters, and to use their best endeavors for 
keeping up the administration of justice. The persons 
proscribed announced their determination still stronger to 
kill and destroy every one who should presume to be ac- 
cessary to their capture. About this time a scheme wrs 
concerted by Colonel Skeen, to evade the governnicnt of 
New -York, by uniting the settlers and forming a province 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 47 

under the authority of the King. He accordingly receir- 
ed a commission as governor of Crown Point and Ticon- 
deroga, and in March, 1775, informed liis agent that hs 
should call on the inhabitants to ascertain their sentiments 
on the subject of submission to the royal authority. 

On the meeting of Congress in 1774, they advised their 
constituents to maintain their liberty against British ag- 
gression, which stopped the prosecution of business in 
courts held by the authority of the crov/n. The officers 
of the court holden at Westminster, inCumberland county, 
were refused admittance to the court house, which they,with 
the sheriff and an armed force, undertook to accomplish 
by violence about 11 o'clock at night, and in the contest 
one man was killed and several wounded by the assailants. 
This rash proceeding occasioned the assembling of a largo 
concourse of people the next day. A jury of inquest r^ 
turned a verdict that murder had been committed by the 
adherents of the court. Several of the officers were com- 
mitted to jail in Northampton, xMassachusetts, who were 
ofterwards released from imprisonment by the chief jus- 
tice of New-York. Resolutions were passed by the com- 
mittees of the people assembled at Westminster, in April, 
1775, stating that it was the duty of the inhabitants to re- 
sist the government of New-York, until such times as 
they shall have security for their lives and property, and 
an opportunity for representing their grievances "to tho 
-King and Council, together with the remonstrance against 
such unlawful acts, aad a petition to be removed tVom such 
an oppressive power, and either be united with some other 
state, or formed into a separate government,as might seem 
besL 

At this stage of irritation between the settlers and their 
opponents, the American war commenced at Lexington, 
April 19th, 1775, which turned the attention of both par- 
ties from their own contest to one of more importance and 
grandeur. A long time before hostilities commenced, 
dissensions existed between Great Britain and her colo- 
nies. These difficulties aroso on account of the absolute 
despotism in making laws to bind the colonists in all cases 
whatsoever, and taxing them without their consent. As 
soon as the controversy commenced, the necessity of ee- 



48 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

curing the forts of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, for rea- 
sons tliat they had suliered much when these were in the 
possespion of the French, and the probability that they 
would be equally as fatal in the hands of the English, be- 
came evident, and engaged the attention of many individ- 
uals in the province. The plan was projected by Messrs. 
Dean, Wooster and Parsons, of Connecticut, but they were 
in want of money to defray the necessary expenses of the 
expedition, which they obtained by way of a loan to the 
amount of 1800 dollars,from the government of Connecti- 
cut. Several officers proceeded to Salisbury, purchased 
a quantity of powder and ball, and went to engage Ethan 
Allen at Bennington, in the enterprise. Allen joined Dean 
and others at Castleton, having a small quantity of provis- 
ions,with a force of 270 men, and then took proper meas- 
ures to learn the state of the works and strength of Ticon- 
deroga. 

Colonel Arnold, from Connecticut received a com- 
mission and instructions to enlist 400 men for the reduction 
of Ticonderoga, then represented to be guarded only by 
40 soldiers, and containing large stores and munitions 
of7\'ar. The situation of this fortress was ascertained 
by Capt. Phelpp, who, attired in the dress of a poor man, 
enquired for a barber to shave him : he entered within the 
walls, and appearing very awkward, had an opportunity 
to discover the situation of things, and passed unsuspected. 

They arrived at Champlain, opposite Ticonderoga, on 
t!ie 9th of May. Allen and Arnold embarked willi eighty- 
three men, and landed near the works. At the dawn of 
day a dispute arose concerning the right of seniority, when 
it was agreed, upon receiving the advice of their friends, 
that both should enter the fort together, with their men in 
the rear, which they accordingly did, and so unexpectedly 
was the approach of a hostile force that no other resistance 
was shown than the snapping of a sentinel's gun. Capt. 
De la Place, as soon as he appeared, was ordered to sur- 
render. Re demanded upon what authority they required 
it. "I demand it (said Allen) in the name of the great 
Jehovah and the continentalCongress." Incapable of ma- 
king any defence or resistance, the British Captain sur- 
rendered the jrarrison, which consisted of only three offi- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 49 

cers and forty-threo privates. Colonel Seth Warner and 
a part of the men repaired immediately to Crown Point, 
•;vhich was garrit^oned with but twelve men and a sergeant, 
who surrendered on the iirst summons. A detachment of 
continental troops seized the fortress at Skeensborough, 
captured Maj. Skeen, and took possession of his mansioii 
house. 

To secure the command of lake Champlain, an armed 
sloop must be taken. Arnold therefore manned and arm- 
ed a schooner found at South Bay, then sailed and cap- 
tured the armed vesijel at the outlet of the lake. Thus, 
\vithout bloodshed, two important posts, a British captain, 
sergeant, forty-three privates, and two hundred cannon, 
some mortars and howitzers, Vt^ith a large quantity of mil- 
itary and naval stores, were taken. Gov. Carleton, sur- 
prised at the forwardness of the Americans in the defenca 
of their country, endeavored to raise a force from the 
Canadians, by proclaiming martial law ; but almost eve- 
ry man refused to interfere in the affray. 

The Bishop of Quebec was next called upon to em- 
ploy the influence of his sacerdotal character to rouse the 
people to arms, but he passed it otf as being inconsistent 
with the canons of the catholic cliurch. He in the next 
place attempted to bring the Indian rage and ferocity in- 
to the contest, but they did not wish to take up the hatchet 
and injure a people with whose affairs and quarrels they 
had no connexion. On the intelligence that the Canadi- 
ans and Indians would not engage in the war, the Ameri- 
can Congress concluded that the present was the most 
favorable time to destroy the British power and effect a 
union between Canada and the provinces, in the same 
revolution, as the Canadians could not sustain their neu- 
trality any longer than the arrival of forces competent to 
force them to submission. The command of 20C0 men 
fitted out for this expedition, was assigned to General 
Schuyler. Information was vsoon received that Curleton 
was prepared to oppose their undertakings, and that sev- 
eral armed vessels lay at St. Johns, filled with forces and 
munitions of war, which would probably get the immedi- 
ate command of the lake. This project being communi- 
cated to Gov. Carleton, he despatched about 800 men to 

5 



50 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

strengthen St. Johns on the river Sorel, a station com- 
manding the usual entrance into Canada. Montgomery, 
a young officer of splendid talents, was ordered to move 
down the lake with his troops and prevent the passage of 
the vessels into the lake. General Schuyler pursued on 
from Albany, though in an ill state of health, and joined 
the forces at the Isle Aux Noix, in the vicinity of the 
British works, and from thence published proclamations 
addressed to the Canadians, assuring them that the 
American army had no design against their freedom, 
religion or possessions, but only against the British gar- 
rison. It contained an animated request for all the Can- 
adians to join them, in asserting their independence. The 
situation of St. Johns being found so much stronger than 
was expected, they landed about one mile and a half from 
the fort, and advanced to reconnoiter the vvorks, when 
they were attacked by a company of Indians, and threo 
of their number were killed, and eight wounded. The as- 
sailants retreated with a loss of five killed, and four woun- 
ded. Not proceeding to the attack for want of artillery, 
tliey returned to the Isle Aux Noix. Schuyler left for 
Albany, and the chief command devolved on Montgome- 
ry, who on receiving reinforcements, invested St. Johns, 
but was retarded in his operations by a want of powder 
and ball, and also by the insubordinate and undisciplined 
behaviour of his men. Colonel Allen, a subordinate offi- 
cer under Gen. Montgomery, being sent with a force of 
SO men against some hostile Indians in the interior of 
Canada, mot JNlajor Brown on his return, and made an 
arrangement with him for attacking Montreal. Alien 
v/as to land at the north part of the city, and Brown with 
two hundred men at the south. Allen succeeded in cros- 
eiing the river, but Brown failed of performing his part of 
the undertaking. Instead of retreating, Allen, with great 
rashness, resolved to maintain his position. Carleton 
learning what Allen's situation was, met him with about 
forty regulars and some hundreds of militia and Indians. 
Fifteen of the Americans were killed, and the survivors 
being overpowered by numbers, were obliged to surren- 
der, when their brave commander and his associates were 
loaded with irons and sent on board a man of war to Eng- 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 51 

land. While Montgomery was pressing the siege at 
Montreal, the revolting Canadians greatly assisted him. 
On the 8th of October, these Canadians, under Majors 
Brown and Livingston, entered upon the project of taking 
Chambly, situated below St. Johns, on the river Sorel : 
they passed safely down the river by the works at St. 
Johns, with their artillery, and gained possession of the 
fort with small loss. One hundred prisoners, with 120 
barrels of powder, and a considerable quantity of other 
stores, were the fruits of this encounter. The besiegers 
having obtained a supply of powder, made vigorous ad- 
vances toward the fort. Carleton, elated by his victory 
over Allen, collected SOO men, v/ith the idea of raising 
the siege of St. Johns, and embarked at Montreal to pass 
over to the southern shore of the St. Lawrence, when 
Col. Warner, with 300 green mountain boys, watched their 
motions and prepared, under the covert of some bushes, 
to salute the enemy on their approach, which was done so 
etfectually with grape shot that the flotilla returned in 
confusion to Montreal. Carleton was deserted by the 
Canadians, and McLean, one of his Colonels, made a 
precipitate retreat to Quebec. On the tirst day of No- 
vember, the fortress at St. Johns was cannonaded by 
Montgomery. 

JMajor Preston, hearing of Carleton's defeat, and Mc- 
Lean's retreat.could no longer deiay the proffered capitu- 
lation, but surrendered his garrison on the third day, a- 
mounting to six hundred men and a considerable quantity 
of cannon and military stores. Montgomery hastened to 
Montreal, and having despatched Colonel Easton down 
the river Sorel, he secured the passage on the river St. 
Lawrence, with a number of cannon, boats and muske- 
teers, so that vessels could not pass without danger of 
being sunk or taken. General Prescot, with 120 men, 
appeared, and was obliged to surrender. Eleven armed 
vessels were taken, with cargoes of provisions, military 
stores, and various other articles. The day before Mont- 
gomery entered Montreal, Carleton, considering this city 
not tenable, quit it in the night, and in a boat with muf. 
fied oars, was conveyed through the American squadron. 
General Montgomery, after engaging to allow the inhub- 



52 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

itants the free exercise of tlieir religion, and the posses- 
sion of their property, with the privilege of governing 
themselves, entered the tov»'n with his ariiiy. By his gen- 
erous behaviour, many of the Canadians enlisted under his 
banner. More, however, of liis own troops, whose terms 
of enlistment had expired, insisted on returning to their 
homes. So dear to tliem were the delights of the domes- 
tic fireside, and so vividly were they riveted on the n:em- 
ory by the severe duties of their campaign, notwithstand- 
ing tlie high character of their commander, his address, 
his entreaties to induce them to proceed, availed nothing. 
With the remnant of his army, which consisted of no more 
than three hundred men, he began his march to Quebec, 
expecting there to meet another body of troops, sent to act 
in concert with him. On the 13th of September, Arnold 
set out Vv"ith 1103 men,(of w'hose character it has been well 
said, as a soldier,he was vigorous, impetuous and fearless ; 
jis a man, over-bearing, avaricious and profligate) to meet 
JMontgomery at Cluebec. After enduring excessive hard- 
ships and distress in passing over rapid streams, deep 
swamps, mountains and precipices, and being reduced by 
hunger to the alternative of eating tiieir cartouch-boxes, 
breeches and shoes, they arrived at Point Levi, opposite 
Clnebec, on the ninth of November, with about seven 
hundred men, after having been thirty-one days out of 
Fight of any liu::jari habitr.tiori, ir. c cold inhospitable wil- 
derness, where not even the Indian presumed to tread. — 
Tlie French were surprised to see a hostile force proceed- 
ing from a barren Vv-ilderncss. On the 13tli of November,. 
Arnold passed the St. Lawrence, marched up the preci- 
pice which Vv^olfe had ascended before him, and arrayed 
his army, which, often enduring so great hardships, was 
"reduced to 700, on the plains of Abraham. Being pur- 
suaded by the cannonade from the walls, that tlie garrison 
was ready for t!ic combat, he was compelled to retire, and 
inarched on the ISth to Point Aux Tremble, there to a- 
w^ait the arrival of Montgomery. Carleton withdrew from 
Montreal, and reached Cluebcc immediately after Arnold 
left the place, and began to prepare his troops, am.ounting 
to 1530, for a vigorous defence. 

Monto;omerv's arrival was on tlie first of December* 



HISTORY OP VERMONT. 53 

With three vessels and three hundred men, amninnition 
and provisions, for his army. It was a cause of great re- 
joicing to meet their companions in a foreign land, after 
a lonjx absence, and after suffering everv thinj^ but death 
from the inclemency ot the season, and to receive a sup- 
ply of winter clothing. The united forces amounted to 
no more than nine hundred effective men. A flag de- 
manding the surrender, having been previously sent out 
by Arnold, was fired upon by the enemy. They, there- 
fore concluded to risk a general assault. Accordingly, 
on the morning of the 31st of December, during a heavy 
fall of snow, the troops were led on to storm the place. — 
The upper and the lower parts of the city were to be at- 
tacked at the same time, but those in the upper were only 
to give a false alarm, to divide the strengtii of the garri- 
son. As Montgomery was leading on his men, a violent 
discharge of grape shot from a cannon fortuitously point- 
ed, terminated the life of this brave officer, and several 
other officers and men who were w^ith him. The men ob- 
serving their leader fall, drew back. Colonel Campbell, 
on whom the command devolved, ordered a retreat for an- 
other part of the city already attacked by Arnold. He 
made a bold assault upon the other quarter of the city and 
carried a small battery. Soon a ball shattered his leg, 
and he was sent to the hospital. They continued the en- 
gagement about three hours longer, till they were con- 
vinced of the fall of Montgomery. Some retreated and 
others were unwilling to encounter another tempest of 
shot, surrendered as prisoners of war; about one hun- 
dred were killed in the engagement. The fall of Gen- 
eral Montgomery was bewailed by the whole continent. — 
He was eminent for his zealous devotion to the cause of 
American liberty, and was endeared to the good by the 
exercise in war of the most amiable virtues. His soldiers 
adored him for his lofty spirit and daring bravery. The 
enemy respected him for his honorable conduct and dis- 
tinguished talents. Until this bold enterprise, continued 
success bore testimony to the greatness of his mind, and 
defeat, when he was no more, confirmed the grandeur of 
his character. In 181S, his remains were removed from 
Quebec to New-York, his adopted state,where Congreea 

5* 



54 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

luid erected a monument to perpetuate bis f\iiTC. Arnold 
liad about tour biindred men, stationed tbroc miles tVom 
tbe city. This beroic band, though f\u- inferior ia num- 
bers to the garrison, had so cut oti' the communications 
betwesn them and the country, that they were very near 
starving lor want of provisions, and the cold weather, with 
the small po^ wliich prevailed in the army, reduced them 
to extreme suflerings. Although a reinforcement of troops 
bad arrived from Montreal, Arnold could scarcely number 
more than one tliousand eQective recruits. When the 
disasters at Quebec were communicated to the American 
Congress, they ordered ten battallions to Canada, under 
the command of General Thomas. The most of the 
troops wore on the march by the first of May ; ' but on ar- 
riving at the city, their luimbers did not exceed 1,90G. — 
This force was soon reduced by that loathsome disease, 
the small pox* to about nine hundred men fit for duty. — 
The siege of Quebec, after many unavailing ef.brts, was 
raised by order of General Thomas, the very day that the 
British lleet reached tbe confines of Quebec, with rein- 
forcements to the garrison. It was now found necessary 
to retreat with the utmobt speed, as the fieethad intercept- 
ed all communication between the different parts of the 
American camp. The baggage, artillery and many of the 
sick, fell into t!ie bands of the enemy. Mucli is due to 
Carleton for his generosity and kindness to the sick, who 
fell into his hands, as they were destitute of every neces- 
sary for convenience and comfort. He clothed, fed and 
relieved the soldiers and officers when prisoners at Que- 
bec, and invited the latter to participate in the hospital- 
ities of his own house. He discharged the officers on a 
parole of honor, and returned the soldiers to their respec- 
tive provinces, furnished with every necessary for their 
convenience and happiness. S'orcl was the first place at 
■which the retreating party halted, where General Thomas 
with several rcgimtnts was stationed at their arrival. — 
Here their worthy commander died witli the small pox, 
wliicb yet prevailed in the camp. While the Americans 
were unsuccesstully exerting their valor against superior 
numbers at one place, they experienced a very severe 
mistbrtune in the pusillanimous conduct of certain officers 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 55 

ia another. A party of three hundred and ninety Ameri- 
cans, posted at tiie Cedars, forty tiirce miles above Mon- 
treal, with a few pieces of cannon, under the command of 
Colonel Beadle, were assailed by Captain Foster, descend- 
ing the river with a detachment of forty regulars, one 
liandred Canadians and about five hundred Indians, who 
were armed only with muskets'. Beadle leaving Butter- 
lield, a subordinate officer, with the command, repaired 
to ^lontreal to procure a reinforcement. Kutterfield, be- 
ing destitute of valor, surrendered the fort on the iiitima- 
tion of Foster, that if an Indian should be killed they 
would, without the probability of his restraint, n>assacre 
the whole garrison. Sherburn left Montreal to assist the 
f->rt at the Cedars with an hundred and fifty men, and was 
t iken prisoner by the savages before its surrender. — 
Tv.'enty-eight were murdered, seven or eight carried into 
captivity, and the remainder, after being deprived of their 
clothing, were delivered to Foster. Arnold marclicd vvitii 
nine hundred men to check the progress of such barbarity. 
Foster informed iiim that if he did not assent to the cartel 
agreed upon bv Sherburn and others, he would sufler th« 
Indians to put every prisoner to immediate death. Fear- 
ing he would resort to such measures, Arnold hesitated. — 
The business, was, liowever, concluded. The whole pro- 
ceeding v/as highly censured by Congress, and Arnold's 
agreement was considered by them, nothing but a spon- 
sion, which might be annulled or affirmed by them, as he 
had no power to make such stipulation. Beadle and But- 
terfield were cashiered and declared incap^ible of ever 
liolding a commission in theAnierican armies. A British 
armanient of thirteen thousand men pursuing tjie fugitive 
array of the republicans up the rapids of the St. Lawrence, 
entered the city of Montreal a short time after Arnold 
evacuated it with his troops to cross the St. Lawrence for 
Chambly. The Americans, with great resolution and 
zeal, ascended the river, and preserved their artillery and 
stores. JNiore than one hundred batteaux heavily loaded, 
were drawn up the rapids by the men in tho water to their 
middle, and v.hatever stores they were unable to remove 
were destroyed. Laving arrived at St. Johns, General 
Sullivan, the successor of General Thompson, in obedience 



53 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

to an order from SchMyler,continuec! his march to Crown 
Point, at the head of Like Champlain, which they just 
reached when the British took possession of St. Johns. — 
The retreat from Canada, under such disasterous circum- 
stances as the American troop& had to encounter, was high- 
ly creditable to the commander, Sullivan, and his asso- 
ciates, Stark, Poor, Wayne, and other excellent oflicerp. 
Gates took the command of the army on their arrival at 
Crown Point, July 12, 17T6, and of the regiments which 
were ordered to Canada, only seven thousand and six re- 
turned. The army had been greatly reduced by deaths 
and desertion at Quebec, Trois, Rivieres, the Cedars, 
and in their retreat from Canada. This terminated the 
campaign of 1775, which in its conception was singularly 
bold and romantic, and in its progress was displayed for- 
titude seldom equalled in military annals. The object of 
the expedition not being attained was a severe disappoint- 
ment. Had it been accomplished, such an extensive and 
defenceless frontier to protect with a military force, would 
probably have been injurious to the cause of independence. 
It was now the business of the army to provide necessary 
accommodations and place themselves in a situation for 
defence. Mount Independence, east of Ticonderoga, waa 
selected as the the most eligible situation to erect a forti- 
fication ; and fort George, at the south end of that lake, 
for a general hospital. Six hundred men arrived in Au- 
gust, from Nev.'-Hampshire, and were active with the 
I'ormer forces in strengthening and extending- tiie works 
for defence. Preparations for constructing the first na- 
val force that ever fought on the lake, engaged their at- 
tention, iiut the timber was growing in the wilderness, 
and had with most of the materials for a naval equipment 
to be dragged by the men to the place of use over roads 
almost impassable. But amidst all these and other diffi- 
culties and embarrassments, such was the resolution, in- 
dustry, and perseverance of the men, that one sloop, three 
schooners, five gondolas, carrying fifty-five guns, besides 
seventy swivels, were equipped by the 18th of August, and 
three hundred and ninety-five men,composed the armament, 
well fitted for action. This fleet was constructed with the 
most unparalleled rapidity, considering the disadvanta- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 57 

ges which the Americans had to encounter. The British 
liad also been activdy engaged at Si. Jolins, in building a 
r.oet which would give t!iem the superiority over the lake, 
and enable tlicra to attempt the reduction of all the for- 
tresses and country as far as Albany. Some of their ves- 
sels were constructed in England, which were taken iii 
pieces, and brought by the rapids, tiien put together again 
upon the hike. Vessels,consisting of one gondola, weigh- 
ing thirty tons, tljirty long boats, several flat bottomed 
boats, and four hundred batleaux, had been drag- 
ged up the rapids. The whole fiotilla of the British now 
in readiness for service, consisted of the Inflexible, Ma- 
ria, Carlcton, Thunderer, twenty gun boats, four long 
boats and some gondolas, mounting upwards of eighty 
cannon and some howitzers. These wxre followed by an 
extensive train of vessels, batteaux, and boats, built for 
transporting the royal army, wjih the military stores and 
munitions of war. Captain Pringle conducted the ar- 
mament, and seven hundred prime sean;en navigated the 
ficet. Every thing was in complete readiness on their 
part, the weight and strength of their guns and vessels was 
double to tliut of the Americans. Lake Champlain, whose 
v/aters had been celebrated as a seat of hostilities ever 
since the commencement of the European settlements, 
V, as in 1776, overspread with a fleet sufricient to compete 
with the defying squadrons of former ages. General Ar- 
nold, who had been a sailor in his youth, proceeded down 
the lake in the last of August, to gain intelligence of the 
enemy. On the eleventh of October, General Carleton 
sailed up the lake with the British fleet, and discovered 
the American squadron drawn up in a very safe and stiong 
line of defence, in tlie passage between tiie island of Val- 
cour and the western main. The situation of the An^eri- 
can commander formed a safe retreat, and was discover- 
ed only by accident. After a short contest, the enemy, 
not being able to bring their whole force into action, re- 
tired. A continuance of unfivorable wind, induced Cap- 
tain Pringle to withdraw those vessels that were engngcd, 
from the action, and as the dusk of evening came on, 
formed aline as nenr the Americans as possible, to pre- 
vent their escape. The Washington galley, comnianded 



^ HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

by General Wiiterbury, had sufiered the most severely.— 
Fortune seemed to favor the enemy, but not so much so, 
as to give tliem any great degree orself-complacency; two 
of their gondolas were sunk, and one blown up, with sixty 
men. The Americans had one schooner burnt, a gondola 
sunk, and several vessels much injured. 

All hopes of success against a force so far superior, 
were perfectly idle. The only way to save the American 
fleet was to retreat to Ticonderoga under cover of dark- 
ness. This was accomplished with such promptitude that 
the next morning tlie vessels were out of sight of the 
Britit^^h line. A renewal of the chase, together with a fa- 
vorable wind, October 11, 1776, gave the British a suc- 
cessful chance of overtaking them at Ferris' Bay, in Pan- 
ton. A spirited engagement ensued, the British pressed 
with resolution, and the Americans made desperate re- 
«i^)t:ii:ce: one of the American vessels headed by General 
V/aterbury, had so many men killed, and was so shatter- 
ed to pieces as to be obliged to surrender. After contes- 
ting for four hours for the pre-eminence of the lake, Ar- 
nold finding it iinpossible for the exertions of skill or cour- 
age to endure the force and fire of the enemy with safety 
to liis men, dexterously covering the retreat of his vessels, 
ran them ashore, s;ived his men, and blew up the Oeet. 
The Americans had now, of every description,iHit six arm- 
ed vesbcis upon the lake. Having been unsuccessful up- 
on the water, they set fire to the fort at Crown Point, and 
marched their army to Ticonderoga. The fortifications 
were stren;;the:ie;l and an army of tu-elvc tliousand effec- 
tive men under the command of Gen. Gates, were posted 
here. The British commander landed at Crown Point, and 
after continuing there one month in examining the direc- 
tion of the channel and sounding its depth, re-embarked 
his army for Canada, without making an attempt at the re- 
duction of Ticonderoga. The militia were dismissed 
from service the same day. The Colonies had long en- 
dured tlie oppressive measures and misrule of the British 
government — years multiplied their afllictions, and their 
remonstrances were answered only with insults. The 
public mind revolted at such treatment and determin- 
ed to be free. Cruelly produced the revolution, patriot- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 59 

ism and knowledge estimated the extent of its adv^anta- 
ges. As a prelude to independence, Congress recom- 
mended to those colonists that had no constitutions, to 
adopt indefinitely such governments as might best con- 
duce to the happmesb of the people. The Colonics had 
been accustomed to consider themselves an independent 
government, and some desired that they should declare 
them as such ; accordingly a declaration was prepared by 
a committee of Congress, and almost unanimously adopt- 
ed on July 4th, 1776. We hold these truths (sfiys the 
conlcx) to be self evident, that all mankind are created 
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with cer- 
tain unalienable rights, that among them are life, liberty 
and the pursuit of happiness, that to secure these rights 
govern;i^ents are instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed thai when- 
ever any form of government becomes destitute of these 
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and 
to institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as 
to them shall &eem likely to effect their safety and happi- 
ness. An enumeration of the oppressions complained of 
by the Americans is closed by a representation of the 
character of the British King, who in their language is 
unfit to be the ruler of a free people. The inefiectuai ap- 
peals to the English nation are also enumerated, with re- 
vnarks upon their indifierence to the voice of justice, and 
a determination to hold them like the rest of mankind, 
friends in peace, and enemies in war. In conclusion, 
they declared themselves absolved from all allegiance and 
political connexion with the British crown, and invested 
with the full powers of self government. The tempest of 
war lowering upon the continent, threatened the hallowed 
sanctuary of freedom with ruin. At the north, the Ameri- 
cans had been driven from Canada, and their fleet destroy- 
ed on the lake. General Howe had been successful ia 
defeating them on Long Island and at New-York, in tak- 
ing forts, men and magazines, and had also got posses- 
sion of New-Jersey, and Newport, in Rhode-Island. Their 
only success had been in the defeat of Cornwallis on Sul- 
livan's Island, and in the action of Trenton, where one 



60 HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 

thousand German troops siirrenclored to General Wash- 
ington. The British vvere so far superior in their naval 
and military forces, and munitions of war, that whoever 
computed the issue of the controversy by the natural 
course of things could- hardly avoid Ihe conclusion that 
the Colonies would have to submit to the sovereignty of 
Great Britain. At the opening of navigation upon the 
Ifike, preparations were making for an invasion of tho 
United States, from Canada. General Burgoyne, distin- 
guished as a scholar and a courtier, having fought with 
some celebrity in Portugal, and served under General 
Carleton during the last campaign, had the command of 
Canada and the lakes assigned to him, instead of Carle- 
ton, who was by far the most able of all their Generals in 
America. A division of the states, effected by sending a 
powerful force from Canada through the lake to form a 
junction witii the British army at New-York, was calcu- 
lated upon as a direct means of subduing the states, by 
cutting off all communication between the nortli and the 
south, and thus their whole strength be turned against one 
part. The force allotted for this excursion exceeded sev- 
en thousand and one hundred men, exclusive of a corps of 
Germcn artillerists, amounting to more than three thou- 
sand two hundred, besides a large retinue of Canadians 
and Indians. An excellent train of brass artillery was 
supplied, together with every thing which could add effi- 
ciency to the army. And for the assistance of the com- 
manding (reneral, were selected. Philips, Frazier, Pow- 
ell, Hamilton, Reidsel, and Sperht, all officers who had 
distinguished themselves by former services. General 
Schuyler had been indefatigable in making preparations 
for defence, but the fortifications were commenced late ia 
the spring, and only few troops were collected. Soon af- 
ter Burgoyne's arrival at Quebec, he despatched Colonel 
8t. Ledger with a force composed of regulars, tories and 
Indians, up the St. Lawrence, to Oswego,5,directing them 
to proceed to the Mohawk river and join him at Albany. 
With an army increased to ten thousand men, he proceed- 
ed up lake Champlain as far as the river Boquet,in New* 
York, a few miles north of Crown Point. Ilere he had 
a conference with a large number of savages, whg had 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 61 

been persunded to join the army. In conformity with the 
high ideas General Burgoyne entertained of himself and 
his army, he issued a most pompous proclamation, setting 
forth the cruelty that would be practiced upon those who 
continued obstinate to his invitations. Encouragements 
were offered to those who should assist the king in re- 
deeming the colonies from oppression, and restoring them 
to the privileges of English liberty and laws. After ter- 
minating his addresses he moved on with his army to Ti- 
conderoga. The old forts and out-posts had been strength- 
ened, and on the eastern shore of the inlet opposite to Ti- 
conderoga. Mount Independence had been fortified very 
securely. A bridge connecting the two posts was thrown 
across the inlet, supported by twenty-tv.'o pieces of large 
timber, fifty ieet distant from each other. Tlie side next 
to the lake vvas defended by a firni constructed boom. — 
This work for connecting the forts and cutting off all ac- 
cess by water on the northern side, was not completed. — 
The garrison, under the command of general St. Clair, 
had not a sutlicient number of men to v.ithstand so pow- 
erful a force. They, therefore, evacuated the station, tak- 
ing with them the baggage of the army and such munitions 
of war as the hurry of the occasion permitted, on board of 
two hundred battenux, convoyed by five armed gallies, to 
Skeensborough. The main army marching by land through 
Castleton, which is about thirty miles south of Ticondero- 
ga, were directed to join the yrmy at Skeensborough. — 
The number of continental soldiers and militia belonging 
to St. Clair's forces amounted to S./1:46. Ahout3 o'clock in 
the morning, July 6, 17TG, the troops were put under mo- 
tion. Tiie retreat would have been eflected without the 
knowledge of the enemy, had not a house, contrary to or- 
ders, been set on fire by a French officer. This circurn- 
slance gave the enemy complete information of what was 
going on and a discovery of every movement of the Amer- 
can army. When the army arrived at Hubbardton, they 
halted for nearly two hours, where many having been un- 
able to keep pace with their regiments, fell in with the 
rear guard. This body of the army was transferred /rom 
Colonel Francis, of Massachusetts, to Colonel ?eth 
Warner, of Vermont, with orders to pursue tho army as 

6 



^ HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

soon as the whole came np, and to halt about a mile and 
a half behind the main body. The place of destinatioa 
was reached by a part, who encamped at Castleton, and 
Warner with the remainder tarried at Hubbardton. As 
soon as the retreat of the Americans was perceived, Gen- 
eral Frazier began a speedy pursuit with 350 men. Gen- 
eral Reidcsel, v.'ith a great proportion of the Brunswick 
troops, joined in the pursuit. Frazier continuing the pur- 
Buit through the day, and received intelligence that the re- 
treating army were not far distant, ordered his men to lie 
on their arms through the night. 

On the morning of the 7th of July, Frazier commenc- 
ed the attack upon the three regiments commanded by 
Warner, Francis and Hall. They formed at the distance 
ofsixly yards, but Hall being fearful of danger, did not 
bring his regiment into action • he fled and was afterwards 
taken prisoner by the British. Francis fell fighting with 
great resolution and bravery, and Warner was left to sus- 
tain the battle,with about eight hundred men. The Ameri- 
can officers and soldiers supported their gallant comman- 
der with such intrepidity and firmness that theBritish lines 
gave way. Recovering, they formed again, and advanced 
upon the Americans with their bayonets, but were soon 
thrown into disorder. The. issue of the battle was uncer- 
tain, until Reidesel appeared with his advanced column. 
The Americans, overpowered by superior numbers, fled 
at every point. Warner collected the most part of his 
men and conducted them with safety to Fort Edward.- — 
The Americans lost in killed and wounded and prisoners 
three hundred and tv/cnty, and the enemy not less than 
one hundred and eighty-three in killed and v/ounded. — 
Frazier pursued the Americans by land, and Burgoyne 
by wafer. The obstructions to the navigation being in- 
complete, were easily destroyed, and by nine o'clock the 
vessels passed the works. Before the Americans arrived 
at Skeensborough, they were attacked by the foremost 
brigades of the enemy's gun-boats : and on the approach 
of their frigates, two of the American gallics were taken 
and the otiier blown up. Tiie republicans not beirg suf- 
ficient to withstand the force of the enemy, set Are to the 
works at Skeensborough, and retreated up Wood Creek 



tllSTORY OF VERMONT. 63 

lo Fort Anne, where they were joined by a party from 
Fort Edward. Colonel Hill was detached with a view to 
intercept the fugitives on Wood Creek, and secure Fort 
Anne. He was attacked with so well directed a fire that 
his only safety consisted in retreating to the top of a bill 
to prevent being surrounded. At this difficult crisis a 
party of Indians arrived and were answered in their war- 
whoops, by the British regiment, whom the Americans 
concluded to be a large reinforcement come to their as- 
sistance. They thereupon relinquished the attack, redu- 
ced the fort to ashes and retreated to Fort Edward. In 
their retreat they v»ere peculiarly unfortunate : one hundred 
and tv.enty-eifiht pieces of camion, batteaux, stores, mag- 
azines, 319,760 pounds of flour, 143,830 pounds of pork, 
and a large drove of cattle fell into the hands of the ene- 
my. St. Clair, the commander of the Americanfj, after 
suffering much from want of provisions, and great fatigue 
upon a wretched road through Rutland, joined Schuyler 
on the twelfth of July. The people, not aware of the weak- 
ness of the army, atirlbuted its retreat to connivance and 
treachery, and trembled at the dangers v.'hich threatened 
them from the British, Canadians and savages. The 
management of General St. Clair was generally condem- 
ned, and whatever might have been his excuses, his plans 
proved fruitless, and he did not seem to possess that gen- 
ius which finds relief in instantaneous resource, decisive 
counsel and animating action. The united forces of St. 
Clair and Schuyler, at Fort Edward, did not exceed four 
thousand four hundred men. These were engaged in re- 
tarding the march of the British army, by falling trees in 
the road, tearing up buildings and throwing every obsta- 
cle in the way that was possible. With the loss of three 
hundred men the enemy penetrated into the heart of the 
country, and were from their past success calculating up- 
on a speedy submission of the whole country to their arms. 
The first business of the British was to render Wood 
Creek navigable and the roads passable, to transport their 
artillery and stores, which was accomplished only at the 
rate of one mile in twenty-four hours. Burgoyne arrived 
at Fort Edward on the thirtieth of July. The joy of the 
srn}y was inexpressible ; they considered all their difficui- 



61 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ties termiiiatfd, and nothing remaining for tiiem but afi 
easy march, through a fertile country, totake possession 
of Albany, and form a junction with the British army at 
New-York. Saratoga, and afterwards Stillwater, 25 
miles north of Albany, became the chief seat of the Repub- 
lican army, consisting only of four thousand regular troops 
and fifteen hundred militia, and these almost destitute of 
the habiliments of war. All the towns north of Manches- 
ter and Sunderland, were abandoned by the settlers who 
were seeking safety in the other states, or wherever they 
could find it. A meeting of the committee of safety was 
holden at Manchester, July 15, 1777, when it was agreed 
that they should collect ail the forces in their power to op- 
pose the enemy, and at the same time write in the most earn- 
est manner to the states of Massachusetts and New-Hamp- 
shire, to send troo})s to their assistance, before the remain- 
der of the inhabitants should be compelled to leave the 
grants for provisions and safety. The Assembly of New- 
Hampshire was convened, and during a session of three 
days, arrayed the whole militia of the State into two bri- 
gades, and placed them under the command of Generals 
Whipple and Stark. One fourth of Stark's brigade, and 
about one regiment from the other, were ordered to pro- 
ceed immediately with Stark *' to stop the progress of the 
enemy on the western frontiers." Stark proceeded to 
Charlestown with his men, amounting to eight hundred, 
and sent them forward to join the troops of Vermont, un- 
der Colonel Warner, at Manchester, then about six hun- 
dred. A difference of opinion between Schuyler and 
Stark, as to the best method of approaching General Bur- 
goyne, led Congress to interfere upon the subject, and ex- 
press their disapprobation towards the Council and Gov- 
ernor of New-Hampshire, for giving him instructions de- 
etructive of military subordination. Stark however as- 
sured Schuyler before the interference of Congress, that 
be would lay aside all private resentment, when it appear- 
ed in opposition to the public good. Massachusetts sup- 
plied a large quota of militia, over whom General Wash- 
ington wisely judged that General Lincoln would pro\e 
an able and influential commander, and sent him forward 
for that purpose. Lincoln and Stark joined Schuyler 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 65 

with all their forces, except Warner's regiment. x\rnold 
was also sent on by Washinnrton, with a train of artillery, 
to assist Schuyler. General Gates was appointed byCon- 
gress to relieve General Schuyler, which was very en- 
couraging to the New-England troops. The English 
commander, with fifteen days labor in removing provisions 
und stores from Fort George to the Hudson, finding they 
had not more than four days subsistence in store, resolv-, 
ed to furnish themselves at the expense of the Americans. 
He accordingly despatched a body of troops under tho 
command of Colonel Baum, to surprise, and take a large 
quantity of provisions, guarded only by a force of militia. 
This detachment amounted to about seven hundred Brit- 
ish, Canadians and Indians, with two pieces of light artil- 
lery. Another corps for the support of Colonel Baum, 
was posted at Battcnkill, under the ccmmand of Colonel 
Breyman. Stark collected together his brigade and the 
militia that were present, and sent to Colonel Warner, at 
Manchester, to bring on his regiment. He also sent ex- 
presses to the neighbouring militia, to join him speedily. 
General Stark marched his troops on the fourteenth about 
eight miles, and met the enemy. Skirmishes were kept 
up through that and the next day, during which thijty of 
the enemy and two Indian Sachems, v/ere wounded. On 
the sixtee:ith of August the Americans Vv-ere led an to the 
•attack of Colonel Baum, at his intrenchments upon the 
bank of tlie Hoosick river. A general action ensued, which 
lasted about two hours, and was like one continued roar 
ofrliander. The German dragoons and their brave com- 
mander, after expending their ammunition, charged with 
their swords, but were soon repulsed. Two pieces of 
cannon were taken, Colonel Baum was mortally wounded, 
and all his men, except a few who escaped into the woods, 
v/ere killed or taken prisoners. The militia dispersed in 
search of plunder, wiicn a reinforcement under Colonel 
Breyman, arrived. At this juncture Colonel Warner very 
fortunately arrived, and instantly led on his men against 
Breyman. At sunset, the Germans were driven^from the 
field with considerable loss, and made safe their yetreat 
under the cover of darkness. The Americans took in 
tbose action^, about seven hundred prisoners, with their 

6* 



G(5 PIISTORY OF VERxMONT. 

equipments, four brass field pieces, and a large amount of 
swords and other military stores. The loss of the British, 
in killed, was 207, and the number of wounded unknown. 
I'he Americans had thirty slain and forty wounded. 

Fortune now began to favor the Americans. The de- 
risive victory at Dennington dilibsed contldence and joy. 
The friends of independence, before dispirited by misfor- 
tune and defeat, were now animated by the prospect which 
suddenly burst upon them of a distinguished victory over 
an arrogant and once dreaded enemy. The greatest ex- 
ertions and enterprise were every whfsre displayed. To 
see the American militia without any military attire or 
weapons, except a tarmer's gun, destitute of a bayone?, 
force entrenchments, kill and niake prisoners of the royal 
troops, filled the enemy with indignation and amazement. 
Congress presented their thanks to General Stark* his 
officers and men, for their signal victory at Bennington, 
and appointed Brigadier Stark a Brigadier General in the 
army of the United States. The garrison at the junctioii 
of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, having been increas- 
ed to 5000 men, was marched from that encampment on 
the Sth of September, and proceeded on their way to 
Behnran^s heights, at Stillwater. While the Atr:ericars 
were greatly encouraged by the prospect of success, tho 
feelings of human sympathy were excited by the brutality 
of Burgoyne'a Indian allies. An instr.nce of an awfid 
kind happened in the murder of Miss INicBea, a young 
lady of distinguished amiai)lencss and virtue, who was en- 
gaged to a young olfieer of the British army. Slie was 
taken out of a house near Fort Edward, carried to tho 
woods, and there scalped and disfigured in the most in- 
human manner. Tlie circunjstances of her shocking fate 
were heightened by her being dressed to receive her pron;- 
ised husband, when she was met by those cannibals of 
British cupidity. More th,an one hundred of dillerent sexes 
and ages perished in a similar manner, by the sam.e ruf- 
fians, who were rewarded for their cold blooded murders 
by the facetious and accomplished General Burgoync, 
Every, circumstance and plan that could be made to bear, 
wa3 resorted to lor rousing up the minds and filling the 
ranks of the American army. General Lincoln, after re- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. G7 

ceiving large reinforcements, determined to make a di- 
version in the rear of the enemy. He marched with a 
body of militia from Manchester to Pawlet. Colonel 
Brown proceeded from thence lo tlie landing place at 
lake George, to destroy the enemy's stores, and release 
the American prisoners confined there. Colonel Johnson 
was stationed at Mount Independence, to annoy the ene- 
my at the north end of lake George, and if an opportuni- 
ty tavored, to unite their forces, and attempt the reduc- 
tion of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. At the 
same time Colonel Woodbridge, with five hundred men, 
was ordered on to Skeensborough, thence to Fort Ann^ 
and so on to Fort Edward. These expeditions were man- 
aged so discreetly, that by the 18th of September, all the 
out posts at lake George, part of Fort Ticonderoga, Mount 
Defiance and Hope, two hundred batteaux, an armed 
filoop and several gunboats, were almost instantly taken. 
Two hundred and ninety-th.ree of the enemy were taken 
prisoners, and one hundred Americans, who had been 
captured, were set at liberty. Finding themselves unable 
to carry the works at Ticonderoga or Mount Indepen- 
dence, they made a safe and speedy return to the head 
quarters of the commander. During these proceedings, 
Burgoyne having secured provisions for thirty days, 
marched his army across the Hudson on the T2th of Sep- 
tember, and on the 11th encamped at Saratoga, within 
four miles of the American army. Three tiiousand Amer- 
ican troops marched out to attack the British, on the 
ISth of September, at 1 o'clock. The contest began be- 
tween the scouting parties of the two armies, which were 
respectively and repeatedly reinforced until nearly tho 
whole of eacl>army were engaged. The battle now be- 
came general, and both armies appeared to conquer. The 
fire was kept up for three hours. They alternately drove 
and were driven by each other, a blaze of fire was con- 
stantly to be seen. The British line broke, the Americans 
then pressed in from the woods which lay between the 
camps, and drove them to the high lands, where their 
flanks being sustained, they recovered, cliarging in their 
turn. The Americans were then driven back with a 
dreadful fire, and again the British were dispersed. Tho 



68 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Hrtiilery fell into tlic hands of the Annericans as often as 
they were repulsed by the assailants, but they could nei- 
tiier remove nor employ it against t!ie enemy. Night, put 
an end to the conflict. This bloody and undecisive con- 
test proved a loss to the British of more than five hundred 
men in killed, wounded and captured, and to the Americans, 
in killed, wounded and missing, of three hundred and 
uineteen. Each claimed the victory, but (he consequences 
of defeat were felt by the Br-itisli alone. The English 
coaimandcr tried in vain by his maneuvering to allure 
the disquieted feelings of many in his army ; bul the bru- 
tality of the Indians liad not been gratified with the usual 
amount of plunder, and disliking tiie hard service and the 
checks they received for their w'anton murders, at Fort 
Edv/ard, deserted in large numbers, some to the woods, 
end some to the arrny of General Gales. The Canadians 
and Americim loyalists quit in considerable bodies. Gen- 
eral Burgoyne's expectation of meeting Clinton upon the 
Hudson river, was now completely frustrated, as the 
American army had surrounded him, and cut off all his 
supplies. General Lincoln joined Gates on the 29th of 
September, with two thousand troops. 

In tiie beginning of October, General Burgoyne found 
his provisions growing too scanty to last until tliey should 
receive assistance from New-York, ordered a diminution 
of the soldiers rations, which was patiently submitted to 
by Viw. troops. The foraging party of the British army 
BUifering from scarcitj', Burgoyne found that it could only 
be relieved by making a movement of his army to the left of 
the Americans. For the accomplishment of this ^lesign, 
1500 regular troops were ordered out, with a train of ar- 
tillery. Burgoyne commanded in person, assisted by Gen- 
erals Philips, ivcidesel and Frazier. These were some of 
the best Generals and troops that now belonged to the 
British service. The distance of the embodied arniies was 
only three quarters of a mile, (general gates being in- 
formed of the march of the royal army instantly put his 
troops in motion. About four o'clock, the American col- 
umn approached the enemy and was fired upon by their 
artillery. The Americans, disregarding their fire, ruslied 
impetuously to tHe assault, and being reinforced, the Brit- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 69 

ish left was entirely overpowered and obliged to give way. 
The Americans chased them nearly two miles, and storm- 
ed their camp through a severe fire of grape shot. That 
part of the assault conducted by Arnold did not succeed 
in forcing the intrenchment, but Colonel Brooks in anoth- 
er quarter entered the fortifications sword in hand, com- 
pletely routing them, with the loss of their baggage, tents 
and artillery. The Americans maintained their ground, 
and nothing but the approach and darkness of night, put 
an end to the action, or left quietness to the remaining part 
of the British camp. Two hundred of the enemy were 
made prisoners. This action was more furious, obstiiiato, 
and bloody than any that had ever been fought in America* 
The British now found in the Americans, an unshaken res- 
olution to defend their country and capture the royal army^ 
The situation of the British forces was such, that General 
Gates designed to surround, rather than attack them, and 
to effect this, large detachments were posted at Saratoga 
and Fort Edward. Burgoyne perceiving his plan, deter- 
mined to prevent it, by removing his camp to Sarr.toga, 
which was accomplished in the evening, leaving the sick 
and wounded, amounting to three hundred. On their ar- 
rival here, a large force of Americans were stationed, not 
far distant, with whom, they thought not best to enter upon 
an engagement ; therefore, a retreat to lake George was 
ordered. But the difficulties of the way, and the Ameri- 
can garrisons stationed on every practicable route of retreat, 
prevented all possibility of escape, and Burgoyne was obli- 
ged to recall an escort which had been sent out for that 
purpose. All that was now wanting to complete the re- 
duction of their army, was to cut off their supply of pro- 
visions, hitherto carried up the Hudson river to Saratoga. 
Not a single batteaux of provisions was received secure 
from the annoyance of the Americans. Such were the 
losses of the enemy that a council v/as called for attempt- 
ing a retreat by night, at the fords near Fort Edward. — 
The Americans, they learned, were strongly intrenched 
there, so that maneuver was abandoned. No hopes of as- 
sistance from Clinton, to whom urgent application had 
been made, now remained. Burgoyne called his princi- 
pal officers for a council of wa.»", vv^hilst a cannonade per- 



70 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

vaded the camp, and the grape shot fell in every part o( 
their lines. There was not a spot of ground in the whole 
encampment, secure for holding a council, for while they 
vrere deliberating an eightv^en pound ball crossed the ta- 
ble around which they sat. By the unanimous determina- 
tion, a negociation was opened on the 17th of October. — 
On the intelligence of this glorious victory, universal joy 
pervaded the country. Past injuries were forgotten in the 
elevation of prosperity. The number of troops surrender- 
ed by GJeneral Burgoyne, were 5T52,which being added to 
those of the sick and wounded, in the hospilnl, and those 
lost in battle, in sickness and desertion, made an entire 
loss to Great-Britain, of 9213, togctiier with forty-two 
pieces of cannon, and live thousand muskets. From feel- 
ings of regard towards the prisoners. General Gates kept 
his forces within the lines, whilst the captured were pil- 
ing up their arms. Both soldiers and officers were treat- 
ed^witli great kindness by the Americans. The cruel de- 
predations commiited by them upon the defenceless in- 
habitantt-, were not retaliated upon the prisoners, on their 
march to Massachusetts. A regiment of Green rslountaia 
Boys, under the command of Colonel Warner, proceeded 
with General Gates' troops down the Hudson river, to 
check the desolating ravages of Vaughan and Wallis. — 
These exterminators hearing of their approach, retreated 
with their troops to New^-York. The garrison at Ticon- 
deroga, on hearing of Burgoyne's defeat, rendered their 
cannon useless, and returned to Canada, leaving the nor- 
thern frontier in perfect tranquillitj'. Those w ho had by 
the rava^^es of war, been driven from their habitations, re- 
turned. The benefits of agriculture, so far as a crop of 
grain or hay remained, were attended lO and collected to- 
gether even in the months of November and December. 
After an engagement in their domestic concerns, the peo- 
ple of Vermont found it necessary to establish such a con- 
stitution and laws, as would silence the claim and contro- 
versies of New-York, establish their indepenxlence, and 
secure to them protection and the administration of justice. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 71 

CHAPTER IV. 

Indian depredations upon the early settlers. — Destruction 
of Royalton. — Political Affairs in Vermont, fromthe 
commencement of the revolution in 1T75, mitilits termi' 
nation in 1.733. — Meeting of Conventions, — Declara^ 
Hon of the Independence of Vermont. — Transactions 
of New-York. — Acts of Congress. — Controversy and 
Claims of Ncio- Hampshire, New-York and Massachu- 
setts. — Commissioners open a negociation Jtnth Ver- 
mont. — Proceedings of Vermont — Measures pursu- 
ed by Congress. — Management of the British Agents.-^ 
Resolutions of Congress. — Transactions between Ver- 
mont, New-York mid Ncw-IIampshirc. — Washington'' 8 
commmiication. — Congress defer the admission of Ver- 
mont into the Union. 

Tise settlers of Vermont were occasionally annoyed bj 
the Indians, from the commencement until the termina- 
tion of the revolutionary war. Their encroachments were 
made by scoutins; {Darties, whose pursuit was for the ac- 
quisition of plunder and riotouG entertainments, while 
their unwelcome visits were obtruded among the distres- 
Bed inhabitants. The northern hive of Indians residing 
upon the Canadian frontier, poured in upon the wilder- 
ness territory of New-England, throughout the French 
and American wars, carrying many of the settlers into 
captivity. Such accounts of these depredations as have 
been preserved, will be concisely noticed in our narrative. 
The inhabitants in the south-east part of Vermont en- 
countered in their early settlements, all the dangers of 
the Indian wars and hardships incident to the frontier im- 
provements. The settlers confided their safety to for till- 
ed places, of which tliere was upon the banks of the Con- 
necticut river, one at Brattleborough, called Dummer's, 
and Bridgman's, and Sartwell's Forts, at Hinsdale, now 
Vernon. But these v/ere insutricicnt to shield the inhabit 
tants from the incursions of the savages. 

In ITlo, a party of twenty Indians attacked a number of 
men at Bridgman's Fort, killed and wounded four, and 
made two prisoners. The nCxt year they burned the Fort, 



72 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

killed and carried several away into captivity. Eight 
years after tiiis outrage, in the month of July, they am- 
bushed Caleb Howe, Hilkiah Grout and Benjamin Gaf- 
field, as they were returning from their labor. Howe was 
killed, Gaffield was drowned in attempting to cross the 
river, and Grout escaped unhurt. Their wives and chil- 
dren were carried away as prisoners into Canada. The 
namber of captives was fifteen. They Vvcre marched 
through tills state, then a wilderness, in eight days, to a 
place on the lake fifteen miles from Crown Point : pro- 
ceding then with them to St. Johns, where they were sold 
to the French, or distributed amongst the Indians. 

On the 30th of August, 1754, they surprised Charles- 
town, New-Hamps'nire, and made •prisoners of Messrs, 
Labaree, Farnsvvorth and Jolmson, v/ith his fi^mily. — 
These savages proceeded to the wilderness, and encamp- 
ed with their prisoners; within the present limits of the town 
of Cavendish, wiien Mrs. Johnson had a daughter born, 
whom she called Captive. Mrs. Johnson v/as co'.npelled 
to continue her march over the green moimtains, a dist- 
ance of two hundred miles. After enduring many hard- 
ships in captivity tliey v/ere ransomed and returned again 
to their friends and the society of their native ytate.»— 
A battle was fought at New-Fane, in 1756, between a par- 
ty of thirty soldiers on their way from Charlestown to Fort 
lloosac, in [Massachusetts, commanded by Captain Mel- 
vin and a sUj)crior force of Indians. Being overpower- 
ed by numbers, the captain and his men retreated from tho 
field, leaving two killed and one missing. Repairing to 
FortDumner for assistance, the next day he returned to 
the battle ground, and found that the Indians had departed ; 
he then proceeded on his way. There were numerous 
other instances of savage depredations upon the lives and 
property of the settlers at this period. So great were their 
fears of these merciless cannibals, that the hallooing of a 
hunter, which the people supposed v*as the yell of sava- 
ges, roused all the inhabitants to arms. Tliey fled with- 
out preparations, seeking only for the safety of their lives, 
These fearful apprehensions were, however, soon corrected 
on hearing their mistake. In the revolutionary war, the 
Indians, though under ditlerent matters, continued their 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 73 

irruptions upon tlxe inhabitants. Cieorge and Aaron Rob- 
ins were killed by. them in 1777, in the town of Brandon : 
most of the inhabitants were made prisoners and their 
ciwellings burned. Amonj: the captives were Joseplj Bar- 
ker, his wifo and child. Mrs. Barker, on account of her 
peculiar situation, was with her cliild set at liberty, and on 
the following night became the mother of another child, 
with no other convenience than the comfortleys solitside of 
the forest. Mr. Barker made his escape at Middlebury 
by feigning himself sick. After the capture of Bnrgoyne, 
and previous to tiie evacuation of Ticonderoga, a party of 
men from Otter Creek, entered and plundered the house 
of a Mr. Prindle, inimical to the American cause — not 
being theov/ner of the house, he set it on fire, retifeated on 
board a British vesbel on the lake, and implicated his 
neiglibor, Mr. Stone, in the robbery and burning of it. — 
The accused undertook to secrete himself, but Vvas discov- 
ered and taken prisoner to Ticonderoga, wheie he remain- 
ed three weeks. In November, 1778, Major Carleton 
collected 39 men and boys at Bridport, from the adjoining 
towns, and carried them away prisoners to Canada. Two 
of the prisoners, Elijah Grandy and Thomas 1-Iinkly,vvere 
discharged to carry the women and children to the Amer- 
icans, while the husbands and eider sons were detained. 
The prisoners arrived at Quebec on the 6th of December, 
and v»'ere detained 16 months and 19 days. In the spring 
after, several had died, tiiey were removed oO leagues 
down the river to work. On the night of the 13th of May, 
1779, eight of tliem escaped, and crossed the river, here 
27 miles wide ; by noon the next day, tiiey reached the 
opposite shore. They separated into two parties of four 
each. Messrs. Sturdifit, Ward and Smiths, composed 
one company, and proceeded up the river, for Sorell. — 
Most of the people treated them with Li.idness, until the 
20th, when nearly opposite Quebec, the river was so 
swollen that tiiey durst not attempt to cross it, and there- 
fore, requested the aid of a Frenchman, whom they saw in 
the field. He conducted them to his house, where they 
were made prisoners by a French officer. All of them, 
except Sturdifit, effected an escape, who remained a pris- 
oner until the close of the war. Ward was separated from 

7 



74 HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

the Smiths a week, when he accidentally fell in with them. 
Two days after they came together, four Indians, with 
their guns and dogs, come upon them, whom tliey outrun 
through the night, and the next day till noon, when they 
were taken hy the Indians, ahout six miles from the Three 
Rivers, and imprisoned. One side of the prison, where 
they were committed, was wood, through which they cut 
a hole with an old jack knife, and in a week made an es- 
cape hy a rope formed of their hed clothes, hy which they 
let themselves down from a window, into a room aojaccnt 
to the prison. Fourteen days they eluded the search of 
the Indians by travelling in the woods. Having crossed 
over from the north side of the St. Lawrence, they reached 
the Sorell in the night, and the next day ascended the 
Chambly mountains, to take observations for directing 
their course through the forests of Vermont. They arriv- 
ed at Missisque Bay, after four days travel, through 
8v/amps and a dreary wilderness. During the whole route 
thev subsisted entirely on what fiesh they killed and cock- 
ed in the v/oods. At Panton, they fell in with a scout of 
three Americans, who readily supplied their wants. In 
Bridport, they were entertained at the house of Asa Hem- 
ingway, the only one that was not destroyed in the rava- 
ges ot war. The day following, they reached the picket 
forts at Pittsford. Of the prisoners who were carried a- 
way into captivity, Messrs. Nathan Smith, of Bridport, Jo- 
seph Hoicomb, of Panton, Nathan Griswold, of Waltham, 
and Mrs. Grandy, whose husband was released to collect 
and carry the women and children to the Americans, and 
many others who shared in the sufferings of those calami- 
tous times, are still living. 

The transactions of Lieutenant Berijamin Everest, dur- 
ing the first settlement of Vermont, furnish a pretty fair 
example of the bravery, fortitude and sufTerings of the 
people. Mr. Everest, soon after his father removed to 
Addison, in 1769, was engaged with Colonel Ethan x\l- 
Icn in suppressing Benzell, and other Yorkerp, in their 
intrusion upon the inhabitants of Panton and New-Haven. 
Receiving a commission from the Continental Congress, 
he was engaged at Hulihardton battle in Colonel War- 
ner's regiment, and at Bennington, in the regiment com- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 75 

manded by Colonel Hcrrick. The next year he had the 
command of Fort Vengeance, at Rutland, and after this, 
was taken by the British as a spy, and confined nine days 
in prison, from whence he was removed on board- of a 
prison ship for Canada. Perceiving that death was his 
inevitable doom if he did not succeed in making an es- 
cape : accordingly he conceived the plan of having his 
irons taken off and himself placed upon the quarter deck 
by his entreaties, then to overcome the guard with a gen- 
erous supply of liquor, and escape to the shore by swim- 
ming the lake from the vessel. All this he accomplished, 
but with much suffering. He passed through the Indian 
encampment as a British officer, and travelled in the night 
over west mountain through the snov/ a foot and a half 
d-rjp, to Westport. From this place he passed over the 
lake a!id through the wilderness to Castleton. Afterwards 
he was surprised by seven Indians, when on a scouting 
party, and taken a prisoner. They delivered him over to 
General Powers, who confined him in irons. From these 
he extricated himself and fled to the covert of the woods. 
The whole encampment were rallied in searching after 
him, but he eluded their grasp by concealment in a thick 
growth of vegetation, lying near the whole day in plain 
sight of an Indian guard. He proceeded to lake George 
in the night, and through that to Fort Edward. During 
the whole time of his flight he was pursued by (he Indians, 
and entirely destitute of tbod for three days. 

A scout of twenty-one Indians, on the 9th day of Au- 
gust, 17S0, entered the township of Barnard, ancl made 
prisoners of Messrs. Wright, Haskell and Newton. Two 
of v/hom made an escape the spring following, and the 
other was exchanged some time afterwards. They suffer- 
ed many severe hardships while prisoners, but all of them 
returned and lived on the same firms from which they 
were taken. In October 16lh, 17S1, five men proceeding 
from the fort in Corinth, on a scout down Onion river, 
were fired upon in the town of Jerico, by a company of 
sixteen tories. Three of the number were wounded, one 
mortally, who died within 40 hours, and was buried in 
Colchester. The others were taken to Quebec, and de- 
clined till the next spring, when they were permitted to 



re HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

return. Major Breckenridge, with a scouting party of 
twenty men, after annoying the settlers of Newhury, killing 
one man and taking anotlier prisoner, marclied to Corinth, 
where tlioy obhijjcd the inliabitants to take the oath of al- 
legiance to flio kinir of (jlreat-Britain. 'J'he settlement at 
Peacham, on Ilazen's military. road, was, when the soldiers* 
had left the forts, invaded hy a party of French and Indians-, 
wiio took Colonel Elkittf* and several other prisoners. — 
Elkins wassent a prisoner to Eiigland, with 150 others, 
and confined in mill prison. In 17S2 they were exchanged 
for the troops of Cornwallis ; when the Colont-1 returned 
to his residence. The lives and safety ofthe settlers upon tho 
New-Hampsliire grants were exposed to the depredations 
of the Indians and lories — many were killed or tortured, 
having all their propeity destroyed, and others lived in 
constant fear of being brought to a like situation. Royat- 
ton, a township upon White river, containing three hun- 
dred inhabitants, and some of the towns adjacent, were in- 
vaded in 17S0 by two hundred and three Indians and seven 
white men, under the command of Lieutenant Ilorton, 
w^ho had proceeded up Onion river, on an expedition a- 
gainst Newbury, for the purpose, as was supposed, of tak- 
ing Lieutenant Whitcomb, who had wantoj.ly shot Gen- 
eral (Jordon, an English otBcer, in July, r77(), between 
St. Johns and Chanibly, and took from him his sword and 
watch. The British, resenting this act as unjustifiable 
nnd mean, were anxious to aveige themselves on Whifi- 
<;omb. While on their way, falling in with seme l.unters, 
they were informed that tlie people ol' Newbury were ex- 
pecting an attack and prepared tor defence. Tiiis turned 
their attention towards Royalton. They accordingly pro- 
ceeded Uj) Stevens' and Jail branches, then down tiie first 
branch ofWhite river to Tunbridge, where they Iny in Llieir 
encampment during the Sabbath, and on i\londay,the IGtli 
of October, they commenced their depredations at the 
house of John Hutchinson, living near tiie line between 
Tunbridge and Rf^yalton. Alter taking him and his broth- 
er prisoners, they proceeded to Robert Havens', where 
they killed Messrs. Button and Peniber; from thence to 
Joseph KneclarKrs,took him, his fatlier, Simeon I^dknsip^ 
(sriles Gibbs, and Jonothan Brown prisoners. Proceed- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 77 

ing to Elias Curtis', they took him, John Kent, and Peter 
Mason prisoners. Thus tar they had gone with the great- 
est silence, and when they arrived at the mouth of the 
branch, they made a stand, sending out small parties in 
different directions to plunder and bring in prisoners. By 
this time the alarm had become general, the inhabitants 
were flying for safety in every direction, and the savages 
filling the air with their horrid yells. One party extended 
their ravages down the river into Sharon, took two pris- 
oners and burnt several houses and barns. Another party 
[)rocceaed up the river, made prisoner of a youno- lad, 
plundered and set fire to the house of General Stevens, 
and advanced about three miles in that direction, killing 
the cattle, plundering and setting fire to the buildings as 
they passed. After finishing their work of destruction, 
they returned with their booty to the place of their attack 
ia the morning. They then proceeded across the hills to 
Randolph, where they encamped for the night, on the sec- 
ond branch of White river. In the course of the day, they 
had killed two persons, taken twenty-five prisoners, burnt 
upwards of 20 houses and about the same number of barns, 
killed 150 head of cattle, and all the hogs and sheep that 
fell in their way ; having suftbred no loss themselves, and 
scarcely met v^ith any opposition. So sudden and pow- 
erful was the attack that the people took no measures for 
their defence. The alarm, however, spread so soon that 
several hundred marched from the towns on Connecticut 
river, by evening, to the place v/here the attack commen- 
ced. They organized themselves under the command of 
Captain John Ilouse, an experienced officer in the Conti- 
nental army, v.ho began his march with this brave and 
undisciplined corps, in quest of the savage army, who by 
this time v/ere encamped seven or eight miles' ahead. — 
With great animation they pursued on their way, in a dark 
night, guided only by a ihw marked trees, amidst logs, 
rocks and hills, until they arrived where the last houses 
had been burnt. Apprehensive that the enemy were near, 
they now proceeded v/ith more caution. The Indian sen- 
tries were placed nearly half a mile in the rear, behind 
some trees near the path. When the van was in a short 
distance of the sentries, they were fired upon and one man 

7* 



78 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

was wounded. The Americans returned the fire, killes? 
one Indian and wounded one or two moro. Elouse pro- 
ceeded within three hundred yards of the Indir.n crmpaud 
halted, to await the approach of day light. The Ijidiana 
were alarmed at tiiis intelligence, but they soon ccvifccd 
means for tlieir safety. An aged prisoner was? sent out to 
inform t!ie Americans tliat if they proceeded to attack 
tiiem, they would instantly put all the prisoners to dealjj. 
Savage barbarity had consigned over two of the prii^oners, 
to bescal{)ed and tomahawked — one onaccountof'his refus- 
ing to march, from an expectation of relief from the Amer- 
icans, and the oliicr, by way of retaliating the c'eatii oftho 
Indian who was slain, 'i he Indians Imstily retreated, cov- 
ering their rear with their warriors. Having consummated 
their plans, ihoy quickly crossed the strean', marched up 
t!io west side into Randolph, took one prisoner, proceeded 
througli the wolH part of Brooklield, thence to Onion rivei', 
and by that route to St. Johns and Montreal. lionsc and 
his forces, not apprehensive of the enemy's departure, 
waited until day, when they were all gone. Tliis delay 
deprived them of the opportunity of attacking the enemy^ 
whom they pursued five utiles into Brookfield, where they 
found all quic;t. Considerirjg by this, that any further at- 
tempt at a pursuit would be unavailing, they, therefore, re- 
turned to their own habitations. At the time ol the attack 
upon Royalton, the Indir.n character seemed to have un- 
dergone considerable charge : although they plundered, 
burnt and destroyed every thing that ciune in their way, 
yet they killed only those wlio attempted to esciipc, or 
opposed them. The women and female children, in par- 
ticular, were treated with lenity and forbearance, such as 
had not been exhibited upon any former aggression : and 
it appears they were well aware of it, by the manner in 
which they conducted themselves toward the savages. — 
One woman had selt-possession enough to address them in 
spirited ter^ns, telling them that if they had the spirits and 
souls of men they would cross the stream, go to the fort 
and fight with the men. They tiinn^ly bore her remarks, 
nnd only replied, "Squaw should not say too muti^'' — 
Yet more bold and praiseworthy encounters were perform- 
ed by others who received butl.ltle repulsion, particularly 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 70 

by an clo'crly matron. They Imd taken lier little boy, but 
eiio foUowcd with her other chihJroiiancl imporLiuicd th.era 
to return Iiim. Unwilling to contend with her, tliey yield- 
ed, and by her further earnest solicitations, released ten 
or twelve belonging to her neig'jbors. At length, wisii- 
ing to be rid of her, and being tired of her importunities, 
an Indian very politely oHerc(i to carry her over the stream 
upon his back. Slie without hesitation accepted, and ho 
safely carried her to the opposite b;ink, after passing 
throiigii tijc water np to his middle. When she had suc- 
ceeded in getting the children across, slie directly retunn- 
ed, to the great surprise and exaltation of their parents 
and friend^?. On their way to Canada, the prisoners wero 
not treated with severity. Wiicn ihey arrived at Montre- 
al, several of them were sold to a British Colonel, at tho 
price of eight dollars a head. One only of the twenty-six 
that was taken olf, died in captivity : the remainder wero 
liberated, and returned to tiieir friends the next summer. 
The Nevv'-Mampshire grants had co-operated with tho 
general government in furnishing men and provisions for 
carrying on the war of independence, and following up a 
rigorous prosecution of the contest, with as great Zealand 
fidelity as those who were member.s of the confederated 
states. Whatever was thus done in aid of the general 
cause of American liberty, rested entirely with the wil|3Bf 
the state. The government of Vermont was tiien, in re- 
lation -to tlic general confederacy, as independent of its 
power or control, as any kingdom in Europe. Their pro» 
ceedings, however, as a body politic, had scarcely tho 
form of a civil government. Tiiey had no ollicr method 
of transacting business, than to follow, when collected to- 
gether, tlie general advice of the most vigilant and am- 
bitious of tiieir leaders. When called upon for supplies, 
the people assembled to determine what was best to be 
done, and when a vote had passed upon any sul ject,therG 
wa5 no other power to carry it into effect than the consent 
and inclination of each individual. Custom alone, gavo 
the torce of law to their proceedings. ''The scntiment9 
and maxims derived from tiie opinions and feelings of tho 
neighbours and leaders, were all the powers that subsisted 
to put any restraint on the most vicious, or to preserve 



80 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the lives or properties of the inhabitants." Such a sfata 
of society was found to be incompatible with the safety 
and prosperity of the people. The attention of the public 
had been so much engaged in the concerns of war, that 
the controversy of New-York had almost ceased. The 
government of Vermont was then vested in town meetings 
and councils of safety, which. gave directions in all mat- 
ters of public concern. Business which related to a whole 
community could not be conducted with any despatch or 
certainty, so long as the general voice could not be taken 
irrone place, either by the whole people or by a delegated 
power. Combinations on a more general plan were ne- 
cessarily introduced among the several town?, to be hol- 
dcn at different times a-nd places in the grants. A general 
Gtate government had not been attempted nor ever thought 
of; nor had the independence of Vermont as yet been 
contemplated. Without any government or plan of pro- 
ceedings, the people seemed to have approached nearly to 
a state of nature : combining together only so far as ne- 
cessity required to promote their common interest and 
safety. In the latter part of the year 1775, som.e of the 
principal men went to Philadelphia, to obtain the advice 
of Congress, and on -their return, dispersed several letters 
containing the advice of that body upon the subject of 
their affairs; which was, that the people should form a 
temporary government, by committees and conventions, 
as the circumstances of society might require. In com- 
pliance with this advice, a convention assembled at Dor- 
f5et, January 16th, 1776,and a petition from that body was 
forwarded to Congress. They avowed their willingness 
to render every possible assistance in prosecuting the A- 
merican war, wlienever they should be called on by gov- 
ernment for that purpose, but expressed an unwillingness 
to put themselves under the provincial government of 
New-York, lest it should be construed as an act of sub- 
niission to their authority. They concluded by request- 
ing of Congress, should it find their services necessary, 
that they should not be styled inhabitants of New-York, 
or be subject to the limitations, restrictions, or regulations 
of that province ; but as settlers of the New-Hampshire 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 81 

grants, and that wliatcver commissions were issued, they 
injfjht so 1)0 re^iarded. 

Tlic Committee entrusted with this business recom* 
mended to the petitioners to submit, for the present, to tho 
government of New-York, i^.nd contribute tlieir assistance 
in the present contest with Great-I5ritain, and that such 
submission ought not to prejudice tl'cir riglits to the lands 
in controversy, or be construed to affirm or admit the ju- 
risdiction over it whenever the present hostilities are end- 
ed. At a time when the fate of America was problemat- 
ical, the committee could not but desire that all internal 
controversies migiit terminate. To prevent a decision 
the petition was withdrawn. The settlors on the New- 
Hampsliire grants had never been recognized by the crowa 
as holding a distinct jurisdiction, nor invested with sepa- 
rate powers. They had never enjoyed the privilege of a 
regular organization, under which tliey could act with 
isystem and effect. They had no other bond of union to 
Btimulate tliem, than a common interest in opposing tho 
claims of New- York, and necessity, which urged them to 
resistance, operated to give the force of law to the recom- 
mendations of their committees and conventions, while a 
tew adventurous spirits gave impulse, energy and systcra 
to their operations. 

The ati'airs of the settlers were thus peculiarly situated, 
when the m.emorable declaration of Independence was 
published to the world, July 4th, 1776, by the Congress 
of the United Colonies. Their situation nt the dissolu- 
tion of theColonifS wilhGreat-Britaifi was unprecedented. 
Colonel Skcen had received a royal commission to bo 
governor of Ticonderogn, Crown ]*oint,and an uncertain 
extent of country bordering tliereon. The possession of 
their lands was originally had under royal ,grants from 
the governor of New-itlampshire : but New-York now 
claimed the jurisdiction and the right of the sale. Tho 
settlers had petitit>ned the crown for an adjustment of 
their dispute, and when there was indication of a favorablo 
decision between the contending parties, the connection 
between the crown and the colonies was dissolved. Tl era 
was no power recognized Uy the parties as superior, or 
possessing the right of deciding the .controversy. AU 



82 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

claims bv New-Hampshire to the grants were renounced* 
The convcnrion of New-York now reviving the controver- 
sy, unanimous!)' declared on the 2d of August, 1776, that 
all quit rents formerly due to Great-Britain, are now duo 
and owing to this convention, or such future government 
as shall hereafter be established in this state. The situa- 
tion of the settlers v/as such as would naturally suggest 
to them tiic right and expediency of declaring themselves 
independent. The claims of New-York had never been 
admitted, and allegiance to the crov^-n was no longer ac- 
knowledged : therefore the time had now arrived, and re- 
gard to their own safety reo'iired their assumption of the 
power of self-government. A variety of opinions origina- 
ted from the difficulties. With some a union with New- 
Hampshire was considered expedient, and others thought 
submission to New -York would be their only safety. — 
But those v/ho were the most determined, considered that 
the powers of goverimient might as well be assumed, and 
the consequences arising from such a measure, be hazard- 
ed at the present time. Accordingly a convention was 
called, by notices from some of the most influential indi- 
viduals, to ascertain what the general voice of the people 
v/ould be on this subject. This body, consisting of dele- 
gates from thirty-five towns, assembled at Dorset July 24, 
1776. A resolution was passed in this? convention, that 
they would defend their liberties to the utmost of their 
pou'er. The people v/ere inclined to think that an entire 
Beparation from New -York would be altogether best. — 
The convention met a'gain September 25, and unanimous- 
ly resolved to declare the New-Hampshire grants a sepa- 
rate district, and that no law or laws should be accepted 
from any otlipr source. This body were again convened 
at Westminister, January 15, 1777, and there passed a 
resolution that their only safe course was to form Ihem- 
tjelves into a new State, and assume all the powers of gov- 
ernment : with this view the following sentiment wab de- 
clared. *' Tliis convention, M'hose members are duly 
chosen by tlie voice of their constituents, do hereby pro- 
claim and publicly declare that the district of territory 
comprehended and usually known by the name and de- 
Bcription of the New-Hampshire grants, of right ought to 



HISTORY OF VEPJilONT. 63 

be, and is hereby declared forever hereafter to be consid- 
ered a free and independent state, called, known, and dis- 
tinguished by the name of New-Connecticut, alias Ver- 
mont. And tliat the inhabitants who at present are,or may 
hereafter become residents witliin said territory, shall bo 
entitled to the same privileges, immunities, and enfran* 
chisements, which are, or which may hereafter at any 
time be allowed to the inhabitants of any free and indepen- 
dent state in America. And that such privileges and im^ 
munitiet^ shall be regulated by a bill of rights, and by a 
form of government, to be estabSished at the next adjourn- 
ed session of this convention. Having come to this decis- 
ion, they drew up a declaration and petition toCongresg,ad- 
dressing them as tlie Supreme Power of the land. '*That 
tliey should hereafter consider themselves as a free and in- 
dependent state, capable of regulating their own internal 
police, in all and every respect whatever,and that the peo- 
ple pof^'sess the sole and exclusive right of governing them- 
selves in such manner and form as they in their wisdom 
should choose, not repugnant to the laws of the general 
government. And farther they declared their readines to 
act in conjunction with the poopje oCthc United States, in 
contributing their full proportion towards maintaining the 
present just war against the fleets and armies of Creat- 
Britain. A petition was also raised and forwarded, re- 
questingCongress to recei\*e their declaration and secure 
to this territory a free and independent situation among 
the confederated states, and also the privilege of a dele- 
gation in Congress. To this declaration and petition arc 
subscribed in behalf of the inhabitants, the names of Jo- 
nas Fay, Thomas Chittenden, Keman Allen and Reuben 
Jones, statesmen of high respectability and talents. The 
character of most of the leading men in Vermont was at 
this time conspicuous for wisdom and stability. The 
measures they took, placed Vermont in a commanding 
situation ; it inspired others with confidence and increased 
firmness among themselves. An appeal corresponding so 
well with the spirit of the times, could not be otherwiso 
than approved of by the neighboring colonies. A wil- 
lingness was manifested by New-Hampshire to admit Ver- 
mont to an independent government; Connecticut and 



81 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Massachusetts also approved of tlie measure. But to 
IVow-York, her condiii t r.ppcnred to be a renewal of pre- 
vious opj)ositioa and a rebellion agains^t lawful autbority. • 
Apprebcnsive of bad consequences IVorn siicb proceedings, 
the committee of satVty for tlie State of New-York, then 
in session, (January 2L)t}i, 1777,) investigated t'le matter, 
and directed the president to communicate this informa- 
tion to Congress, that certain designing men, by tb.eir arts 
nnd influence, iuid prevailed on a portion of the State of 
Nevv-York, to revolt and disavow the authority of its le- 
gislature. The evidence received by them produced the 
conviction that persons of great influence in the neighbor- 
ing states have encouraged these divisions, and even some 
members of the honorable Congress were implicated in 
(lie scheme, but decency required a suspension of this be- 
lief. The commission conferred upon Colonel Warner, 
with the power of selecting the oflicers of his regiment, 
to be raised within the present disputed tract of country, 
which lately declared its independence, and supported by 
tiie general j^ovcriimcnt, has given too much weight to 
the insinuntionsof those who predicted that Congress wiss 
determined to support these insurgents, especially as this 
Colonel Warner has been outhnved for his opposition to 
the legishiture of New-York. For the satisfaction of jus- 
tice and the conviction of these deluded pcop!c, that Con- 
gress lias not been prevailed on to assist in dismember- 
ing a btate, which of all others, has Buffered most in tho 
common cause, the conjmission given to Colonel War- 
ner must absolutely ■ be recalled. In pursuance of tho 
same subject, another representation was made to that 
body, March 1777. In this the convention of New-York 
declare tlsat tlicy depiended upon the justice of tliat honor- 
Rble house to suppress by some proper means, the mis- 
chiefs which must ensue to the general confederacy from 
the unjust and pernicious designs of such of the inhabi- 
tants, as merely from selfish uiotives, have fomented tho 
dangerous insurrection. That r.otwithslanding all tho 
erts of the seducers, Congress may now be informed that 
the spirit of defection was by no means general. 'J'ho 
county of (Gloucester, and a large [)ortion of Cumberland 
gnd Charlotte counties, continued steadfast in their alio- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 85 

glance to the government of New-York, nnd that thera 
was not the least probability liiat Colonel Warner could 
raise such a number of men as would be an object of 
public concern. A general attention had now began to 
be given to the introduction of regular forms and pro* 
ceedings in Vermont, and for their encouragement in the 
formation and adoption of a government, Tljomas Young, 
of Philadelphia, sent a printed i)aper to tiie people of Ver- 
mont, to which was prefixed a resolution of Congress, 
passed May 15, 1776, recommending to all bodies of peo- 
ple who look upon themselves as returned to a state of 
nature, to adopt such a form of government as would con- 
duce to the happiness and safety of their constituents. — 
The address gave it as the sentiment of several leading 
members of Congress, that Vermont had nothing further 
to do than to take up a government in every township in 
the district, and invite the inhhbitants to meet in their res- 
pective towns and choose members for a general conven- 
tion, to meet at an early day, for choosing delegates for 
the general Congress, and to form a constitution for the 
state ; at the same time telling them to make the experi- 
ment, and he would insure them success. And further, 
that they had as good a right to choose how they would 
be governed, and by whom, as others had. The people 
of New-York were highly indignant that publications es- 
pousing the cause and calculated to establish the inde- 
pendence of Vermont, should be circulated. The presi- 
dent of the New-York council of safety, wrote on the 
23th day of May, 1777, to the Frebidentof Congress, that 
a report prevailed, and daily gained credit, th;U the revolt- 
era were privately countenanced in their designs by cer« 
tain members of Congress, and for fear of injuring the 
reputation of that honorable body by imputations so dis- 
graceful and mean, they esteem it their duty to give this 
information on the subject, unwilling tiiat suspicions so 
disrespectful to any member of Congress should be en- 
tertained, yet the fact is that numbers of the people in 
this state do believe the report to be well founded. 

The representations of Thomas Young, were laid be- 
fore Congress on the 23d of June, to bring the matter to 
some decision. The papers and letters which had been 

8 



86 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

received from the Convention of Nen-York, and from the 
people of the New-Hamnsliire granti?, were rclored to a 
committee of the vvhole, who, after several adjournments, 
acted on them June 3i}. This body declared that the de- 
sign of their creation, was fordefendin^ the several states 
against the oppressions of Gr<;at-Britain, and, therefore, 
it was not intended tliat Congress would countenance anv 
thing injurious to the rights and jisrisdiction of the several 
communities which they represent. They further resolv- 
ed that the inhabitants of the New-Ijampshire grants, can 
derive no countenance or justification, for declaring them- 
selves an independent government, tVom the act of Con- 
gress declaring t'ne united Colonics, independent of the 
crown of Great Britain, nor from any other act of Con- 
gress. The petition of Jonas Fay and others, that their 
declaration, styling themselves a free and independent 
State, might be received, and that delegates from the same 
be admitted to seats inCongress, were dismissed. Congress 
disclaimed all intentions of giving any encouragement to 
the claims of the people for an independent state, by tl;eir 
cominissioning Colonel Warner to raise and command a 
regiment of Green Mountain troops; but tiie desicn ^vas 
to reinstate many officers of the difleront stntes, who had 
served in Canada, in the army of tlie United Slates. In 
concluding their strictures upon the aflairs of Vermont, 
they declared Young's letter to be derogatory to the hon- 
or of Congress, and a gross misreprcsenlation of the resolu- 
tion therein refered to, and tended to deceive the people to 
whom they are addressed. These resolutions appeared to 
be dictated by the influence of New-York, from the most 
favorable construction that could be given then), and the 
people of Vermont concluded that they should have to sup- 
port their independence with the same firmness witii which 
it had been declared. Tiiis furnished an occasion for the 
people to becom.e more acquainted with the nature and 
origin of their rights. New-Hampshire had conceded more 
in favor of the independence of Vermont, than any other 
State. The American army posted a 'J'iconderoga, w as 
compelled to leave tha.t station on the 6th of July, l'^'<7, 
by the British, under Burgoyne. JNlost of the people on 
the west side of the mountain, left their habitations in 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. Q7 

great consternation and trouble. The council of safety in 
Vcrtnont, revqiiestcd as^5istance from tlie council of safety 
in New-Hampshire, and assured tiicm that if none should 
be granted, they should be under the necessity of putting 
themselves under the protection of the enemy, and others 
adjoining would be obliged to do the same. They de- 
clared at the same time, their willingness and ability to 
support an army and do every thing in th.eir power to es- 
tablish the independence of the jrovernment. By an or- 
der of the General Assembly of Nevv-Hampshii'e, a large 
force of militia were put under tiic command of General 
Stark, with orders to repair to Charlestown, on Connec- 
ticut river, there to consult with a committee of the New- 
Hampshire grants, respecting his future operations, and 
the supply ol' his men with provisions, to lake the com- 
mand of the militia and march into the grants, and to act in 
conjunction with the troops of thnt new state, or any other 
of the states, or of the United States. About the same 
time, Ivlr. Weare, President of New-Hampshire, sent a 
comnjunication to Ira Allen, Secretary of theSfateof 
Vermont, on the subjiict of the fijrces being supplied for 
the aid of t!ie frontiers, couched in a style and form of 
expression acknowledging Vermont as a free ajid a sove- 
reign, but a new State. There was no doubt but that 
New-Ham.pshire had conceded the independence of Ver- 
mont, and would use her influence to have Congress do 
the same. A new controvprsy now arose amongst tho 
inhabitants of New-Hamps!iirc, v.'hich produced a very 
serious difficulty wilh that stiite. New-Hampshire was 
originally granted as a province, to John Mason, and was 
circumscribed by a line drawn at the distance of sixty 
miles froni the sea. The original bounds of New-Hamp- 
shire were well known to tlie inhabitants on the east sid© 
of the Connecticut river, who were now anxious to unite 
with the people on the west side of the river, in forming 
a new state. With these views it was an easy matter to 
offer reasons in justification of their proceedings. The 
original limits of the province of New-Hampshire extend- 
ing only sixty miles from the sea coast, and the additional 
towns bsinii' annexed lately by virtue of the royal commis- 
gions, which could operate no' longer than the power of 



83 HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

the crown siibsistctl, ncre urged, together with the ces- 
sation of nil obligations to New-Iiiirnpshire, on their 
denial of the authority of the crown. These, they asserted, 
gave them the full liberty to join whatever government 
they chose. Success attended the propagation of such 
ideas in the towns near t!ie river; conventions assembled, 
and in a few months sixteen towns declaring themselves 
in a state of nature with regard to th.eir internal police, 
requested Vermont to receive them into union with her- 
self. This application was j)r.rple.xing to the government 
ofthe states, a majority of which were opposed to the pro- 
jected union. 

Tiiose towns contiguous to Connecticut river, were in 
favor of receiving the towns from New-Iiampshire, and 
proceeded so fur as to propose withdrawing from their 
connexion with Vermont and forming a new state. The 
question for altering the jurisdictional hounds ofthe state 
rested with the people, and great activity was shown by 
the party in favor ofthe union, for securing a majority of 
members in the next assembly. On the meeting of the 
legislative body u vote was obtained in fa\'or of the con- 
federation and an admission of any other town, on the cast 
side ot Connecticut river, on their producing a vote of the 
majority ofthe inhabitants, or sending a rej)resentative to 
the assembly of Vermont, was also agreed to. The six- 
teen towns withdrew from New-Hampshire, and announc- 
ed their separation, and roqticetod a divisional lino between 
them and the state. Justly alarmed at this proceeding, 
iMr. VVearo, then Presidojit of New-Hampshire, wrote to 
(jovernor Chittenden, churning those seceding towns as a 
part of the state before the revolution. He gave informa- 
tion also that a minority in tliose towns had claimed pro- 
tection from that state, wiiich the assensbly of Nevv-FIamp- 
bhirc viewed themselves as bound on every consideration 
to afford. He desired tlie Governor, tor the sake of pub- 
lic tranquillity and peace, to relinquibii so improper and 
dangerous connexion. 

The delegates in Congress from New-Hampshire were 
urged by Mr. Wcare to take the advice and procure the 
interposition of Congress, stating at the same time as his 
opinion, that this probubly was the only method of settling 



HISTORY OP VERMONT. 8d 

the controversy without the effusion of blood, as all attempts 
«t reconciliation had proved fruitless. On the rcceptioa 
of this intelligence, the Governor and Council of Vermont 
requested General Ethan Allen to repair to Philadelphia, 
and ascertain in vvhat light their proceedings v/cre view- 
ed by that body. The agent reported on his return that 
Congress u'as unanimously opposed to the union of those 
towns v;ith Vermont, and if the proceeding were disan- 
nulled no member of Congress would oppose their inde- 
pendence. The Legislature on hearing the report of Con- 
gress, took up the subject of the union. At their session 
in Windsor, October 13th, 177S, a question was moved 
whether the towns on the east side of Connecticut river, 
which had been admitted into the union with Vermont, 
should be erected into a county by themselves. The 
question was decided by 2S in the affirmative, and 31 in 
the negative. After ascertaining the feelings of the as- 
sembly on this subject, the members from fifteen towng 
on Connecticut river withdrew from the house, and with 
them proceeded those from tlie sixteen towns in New- 
Hampshire, together with the deputy governor and two as- 
sistants. The assembly of Vermont consisted of sixty 
members, two-thirds of which were necessary to make a 
house to do business. This was just the number left 
when the seceding members had retired. 

The business was pursued and finished by the remain- 
ing members. But the arrangements with New-Hamp- 
ehire were referred over for the instructions of the people. 
The legislature was now adjourned to meet again on the 
second Thursday of February next, and an order was is- 
sued to the constables of the several towns, whose repre- 
sentatives had withdrawn to lead them to another choice. 
The seceding members immediately assented and entered 
upon a plan for calling a convention of delegates from the 
towns along the valley of Connecticut river. The real 
object of this movement was now well understood and it 
proved very injurious to Vermont. The plan was to form 
a new state with the seat of government upon Connecti- 
cut river, which would eflectually dismember Vermont.— 
This convention met at Cornish, N. H. on the 9th day of 
December, 1778, They agreed first to unite generally, 

8* 



90 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

without any rcfrnrd to the ori<:inal lino n&signed by Ne\T- 
Hampshire, nrul to make the. roilouij^g pro[)os;.!ls to that 
goverumoni : — cither to agree among themselves as to 
the (Hviyionnl lino or submit it to Congress ; or to arbi- 
trators rnutiially chosen. ICneitlier of the above j>ropo- 
sals sliould bo accepted, the convention concluded to 
connect thems(!lves with iVew-Kr.mpshirc ar.d become a 
state as it was before tiie settling of the said line in 1764. 
The design of these towns,eight of which were represent- 
ed in tiie convention, was now apparent. TIjo people of 
Vermont v^eio fully awake to tlicir danger, 'ihe injustice 
of aiding in the disn.emberment of ?\^ow-Kamp«^hire be- 
come too evident to admit a doubt as to the course prop- 
er to be pursued. 

If their scheme should succeed, tlie government of one 
or the other of the states must be broken up. To get rid 
of this dangerous connection, the union was dissolved on 
the 12th of February, 1779 by an act of the legislature. — 
These dilTkultics about the division of the states^ induced 
several of the leading uiembers of the Kcvv-Hampshire 
ftssembly to lay claim to the wliole of the lands. New- 
York also put iri her claims for the jurisdiction of the same. 
It was not to be dou.bted now, as ?^ew-i]ampshire could 
make no legal claim to the prciuises, that it was a con- 
trivance amonust the leading men in \he two states to di- 
vide Vermont between, them. A natural division would 
be formed by the range of tlie Green JMountains running 
through the state, betwcenNew-Hampshire andr'^ew-\ ork, 
Avhich would fully terminate all the controversies ot the 
people of Vermont, as to their limits, tiie validity of their 
grants, or the powers of the government which they had 
assumed, had no other state laid a claim or interfered in 
the cont rovers}'. But Massachusetts extended h.er right 
to a large portion of Vermont : whether her designs were 
earnestly expressed, or whether it was a manoeuvre she 
employed to disappoint the views of New-Hau?pshire and 
New-York, did not appear. The claim of Massachusetts 
appeared much more plausible than that of New-Hamp- 
ehire, because the line between these states might be con- 
sidered settled; but that between Massachusetts and New- 
York had never been. In treating upon tiic controversy 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 91 

^'ith New-York, it will be neccssnry to return to (be proc- 
lamation of Governor Clinton, Febrtiary 23, 1773, froni 
whicb it appears that New-York, though < lnin;i!ig juris- 
diction over the contested territory, liad evidently chang- 
ed her policy towards Vermont. Tiie overtures for recon- 
ciliation, afler enumerating; the canses of disagreement, 
were, that all persons should be quieted in possessii-iir and 
improving lands acquired by title under grants from New- 
Hxampshire or Massachusetts ; that persons holding or 
possessing lands not granted by either of ti)e three gov- 
ernments, should be confirmed in their possessions, and 
have a quantity of land contiguous to tl)eir possessions, 
sufficient for a convenient farm : that all controverted ca- 
ses concerning lands cannot bo decided by rules, exhibit- 
ed in the articles aforesaid. Tiic legislature of New-York 
will provide for the determination of the same, according 
to tlie rules of justice and equity, arising out of such cas- 
es. That quit rents shall be reduced to what they were 
originally, under the grants of New-Hampshire and Mas- 
sachusetts. That th.e aforesaid regulations and directions 
must be observed at the peril of tlie people. Tliere was 
an appearance of fairness in these propositions .which 
might have deceived those who were not very perceptive 
and jealous of their rights. But the peo'plo of Vertnont 
were not to bo deceived by such presentments of conde- 
scending authority. No relief was perceived in these o- 
vertures by tliose who had long been accustomed to a 
thorough investigation of every point in the controversy. 
The idea kept strengthening with the progress of the diffi- 
culty, that the claims of Nev/-York v^'ere entirely ground- 
less. Under such convictions, they declared their inde- 
pendence and proceeded to organize a government. The 
supremacy of New-York they utterly disavowed. Colo- 
nel Ethan Allen published an answer to this i)roclamation, 
in August, 1779, observing, after he had replied to the o- 
vertures in that document, that the principal inducement 
he had in answering them was to derive full proof from 
the same, tliat the best way for vacatijig the interposing 
grants of New-York, is to maintain inviolable, the suprem- 
acy of the legislative authority of the state of Vermont. — 
This will put it in the power of the people to enjoy th« 



02 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

great blessings of a free and independent government. In 
a correspondence with one of the inhabitants of Vermont, 
Governor Clinton observed that he should earnestly re- 
commend a firm and prudent resistance to the drafting of 
men, and raising taxes, and the exercise of every act of 
government under the ideal state of Vermont, and ia 
Buch towns where thS friends of New-York are sufficient- 
ly pov* erful for the purpose, would advise the entering in- 
to an association for the mutual defence of their persons 
and estates, against this usurpation. In a communication 
to Congress on their controversy with Vermont, he affirm- 
ed that the violence of the inhabitants would soon bring 
on a civil war, and that all the troubles of the people in 
tiiis district, arose from the former, not the present gov- 
ernment of New-York. A difficulty of a more serious as- 
pect, originating among certain persons disaffected tow- 
nrds the government of Vermont, in the south-east part of 
the State, ensued. 

Some of these persons who were commissioned by Gov- 
ernor Clinton, asserted tlnit th.ey had a regiment of five 
hundred men, and that the county committee was oppo- 
sed to the authority of Vermont. Tlie government of 
this state found tlieir associations so direful in their con- 
sequences, that Colonel Ethan Allen was directed to raise 
a pa;-t of the militia to suppress them. On tliis intelli- 
gence, a person under a commission from New-York, 
Bent a communication to Governor Clinton, for his advice 
and direction, stating the propriety of having the Albany 
militia in readiness to attack any armed force that should 
assemble for that purpose, and that it would be an easy 
matter to give information by employing some of their in- 
imical townsmen in Vermont. In answer to this appli- 
cation, general firmness and prudence were recommended, 
and in no instance acknowledgement of the authority of the 
State of Vermont, unless there was no alternative between 
submission and inevitable ruin : — assuring them at the 
wame time, if any attempt was made at their reduction, 
the militia should be ordered out against the enemies of 
the State of New-York wherever they might be found. — 
At this critical juncture, a convention was organized from 
the different persons inCumberland county, who met atBrat- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 93 

tleborougli, May 4tb, 1779, which gave a new impulse'to 
the controversy of r-^ew-York. They represented their 
aggrievancos to be a deslitution of the regular means for 
punishing the most atrocious offenders or of obtaining pri- 
vate justice; that the officers of tiie pretended State .of 
Vermont, have exercised authority over those who contin- 
ue loyal to tlic State of New- York, and have quite lately 
taken away our cattle with their illegal orders, and took 
a magistrate a prisoner, who was acting under the author- 
ity of Ncv/-York, in a matter which no v/ay concerned 
them, and placed him under bonds of 1000 pounds for hia 
appearance at the next court. Demand was made, on tho 
authorities of New-York, to carry their solemn engage- 
ments, entered upon with the loyal inliabitants, into im- 
mediate execution. Fearful of civil commotions, Gov- 
Clinton informed the President of Congress, that matters 
were approaching to a very serious crisis, which nothing 
but tbe immediate interposition of Congress could possi- 
bly prevej't ; that he sliouh! be obliged to defend by force 
those who adhered to New-York. Congress was remin- 
ded of the consequence of submitting the controversy, es- 
pecially at that period, to a decision of the sword, and al- 
so that the justice and faith of government, the peace 
and safety of society, would not allow them any longer to 
be the familiar spectators of the violence committed on 
their fellow citizens. On the 29th of May, 1779, these 
and various other papers relating to the disputes with 
New-Flampshire, were laid before Congress, and by them 
referred to a committee of the whole. Immediately after, 
Congress resolved that a committee be appointed to ex- 
amine into the reasons why the people in tlie New-IIanip- 
shire grants refuse to continue citizens of those States, 
which heretofore exercised jurisdiction over them, and 
that every prudent measure should betaken to prevent an- 
imosities so prejudicial to the Union and every measijro 
adopted to promote a settlement of diOicultics. Hostili- 
ties ensued between a party of green mountain boys, under 
the cemriiand of Colonel Allen, and a militia ofHcer, act- 
ing under the authority of New-York. Relief was imme- 
diately sought of Governor Clinton, who represented (he 
same to Congress. The committee yvho had beenappoin* 



^4 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

te(l to confer with the inhabitants, was higiily disnpproved 
of, and II delay in their journey, unti' ii rci-olulion of Con- 
gress couhi be taken on the subject, requested. Con- 
gress ordered the oflicers deprived of their liberty to be 
irumediately freed from arrest, and (hat, on the arrival of 
the connnittce, ail matters would be investi-^ated. But 
two of {"ivQ of the committee, Dr. Witherspoon and Mr. 
Atle, attended. On entering Vermont, many enquiries 
were made \u]d several conferences hold, botli with those 
in the interest of Vermont and New-York. V/ritten an- 
swers were given to some of their interrogatories. Tliey 
seem to have endeavored at a reconciliaJion between tiio 
parties; but no part of the business for which they v»ero 
sent appeared from their report to be accomplished. 

The various claims of of New-York, New-Idampsbire, 
Massachusetts and the settlers, to the disputed territory, 
became so serious a matter ti»at alarming consequences 
were justly to be feared. It therefore became Con- 
gress, to whom all parties appealed, to inlespose in a mat- 
ter which snemed essentially to affect the common inter- 
est ol' the Union. Accordingly, on the 21lh of Septem- 
ber, 1TT9, a resolution was un;ini:iionsly })assed, request- 
ing the states of New-Hampshire, New-York and Mas- 
sachusetts to enact laws, expressly authorizing Congress 
to hear and examine into all I'^e disputes and ditl'erences 
relative to the jurisdiction aforesaid, between the said 
three states respectively : and it waslurther resolved, that 
it was t:ie duty of the people in said district, to abstain 
from exercising authority over any power or any inhabi- 
tants v.ho profess themselves to bo citizens or owe allegi- 
ance to any, or eithpr of said states ; and also that the 
three states aforenamed, ought to suspend exerting their 
laws over any of the inhabitants of said district, except 
suc'i as confess th.c jurisdiction of the same; and finally, 
th;it all unappropriated lands or estates which are or may 
be adjudged forfeited or confiscated, lying within said 
district, ought to await the final decision of Congress in 
the premises to be sold or granted. The evasions of 
Congress evidently showed tljat tV.c union and atle.ction of 
New-IIampsiiire, New-York and MassiiLliusetts was con- 
sidered by that body of more importance tube preserved, 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 95 

than the existence of Vermont. This evasive policy was 
probably best at a time wiien tiie bonds of union n:;ight bo 
bevered by the di^aliVction of one of these slJites. Acta 
in compliance with the recommendations of Congress, 
were passed by all the states, except Massachusetts, who 
withheld prol)ably to save Vermont from dismemijenrent. 
The resolutions of Congress establishing four separate 
jurisdictions in the same territory and at the snme time, 
was impossible, and such as the people who had assumed 
the powers of governtnent could not comply with. A 
constitution, laws and courts of justice were already set- 
tled, and civil authority fully exercised. 

The plan of encouraging a system of espionage, was in- 
consistent with the exisleuce of Vermont. Siie was lit- 
erally struggling for an existence, but hnppily, her citi- 
zens possessed resources of mind equal to the emergency 
of the occnsion. Five agents were appointed by the Leg- 
islature of Vermont, to agree upon, and finally settle cer- 
tain articles of union and confederulion, between this 
State and the United States, v/hich should be binding upon 
the inhabitants in all cases wjuitever. 

Governor Ciiiltenden sent General Alien, October 28, 
1779, to wait on the Council and General Court of Mas- 
sachusetts, and be inibrmed over what part of the State 
they extended their chiim, and to what extent they should 
endeavor to carry their pretentions into execution, in the 
trial at Congress. Every necessary step was there prom- 
ised to he tiiken, in order to bring about an equitable ac- 
commodation of all difficulties, agreeable to the strictest 
rules of justice and equity; but this could not be done 
without an acknowledgement of the independence of the 
State. Tlve reasons for supporting their independence 
were fully exhibited, nor did they, in the least measure, 
evince a disposition to abandon it. After t!ie aforemen- 
tioned resolutions of Congress, communicate*! to Gover- 
nor Chittenden, were laid before th.e Council, he replied, 
"that they could not view themselves as holden in the 
Bight of God or man, to sulomit to the execution of a plan 
which they had reason to believe, was commenced by a 
neighboring state, for the purpose of suspending their lib- 
erties and privileges, upon the arbitrament and final dc- 



9Q HISTORY OF VERMONT. • 

termination of Congress: when, in their opinion, they 
were things too sacred, ever to bo arbitrated upon, and 
what they were bound to defend, at the expense of their 
possessions and lives.'' They also denied the right of Con- 
gress to intermeddle in the internal police and govern- 
ment of Vermont — a governmcnt,which existed independ- 
ent of the United States, and was not accountable to them 
for liberty — the gift of the beneficent Creator. Slie v^'as 
not represented in Congress, and therefore could not sub- 
mit to resolutions passed without her consent, or even 
knowledge, which put every thing valuable at stake. — 
They declared their willingness to assist v/ith their blood 
and treasures in supporting the war v.ith Great-Britain, 
but were not so lost to all sense and honor, as that after 
four years' v/ar with Great-Biitain, that they would yield 
every thing worth contending for; tlie right of making 
their own la^ys, and choosing their own form of govern- 
ment, to the arbitrament and determination of Congress. 

The business of settling the centroverted claims upon 
the territory of the Nev/-Hampshire grants, was not taken 
up on the first day of February, nor on the 2lst day of 
March, as was ordered by Congress, but the business 
was postponed. Nine States, exclusive of those who were 
parties in the question, were not represented. On June 
2d Congress resolved that the proceedings of the people 
in the New-Hampshire grants, were highly unwarrantable 
and subversive of the peace and welfare of the United 
Slates, and they are hereby strictly required to forbear 
and abstain from all acts of authority civil or military, over 
the inhabitants of any town or district, who profess alle- 
giance to any other State. The question was again dc-. 
fered to the second Tuesday in September. 

These resolutions being communicated to the Governor 
of Vermont, he declared that hov/ever Congress might 
regard them, the people of Vermont viewed them as sub- 
versive of the right they have to independence and liberty, 
as well as incompatible with the principle on which Con- 
gress grounded their own rights to independence, and 
their tendency went directly to the subversion of Ameri- 
can liberty. Vermont being a free and independent State, 
bad devised the authority of Congrcos to judge of Ibcir 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 97 

jurisdiction, and were not incliiden in the tlilrfeen United 
States. Tlierefore they were at liberty to oflcr or accept 
terms of a cecessioa of hostilities with (jreat-Britain, with- 
.out the approbation of any power, on the supposition 
that neither Congress nor the Legislature of t!iose States 
wiiicli tiiey represent, will support Vermont in her indepen- 
■dence, but devote her to the usurped ^overnnient of any 
other power. She has not the most distant wish to contin- 
ue hostilities with (ireat-Britain and niaint:.^in an iiV.port- 
-ant frontier for the bcnefU of the United States, and for no 
otiicr reward than tha ungrateful one of being enslaved by 
them. Yet, notwitiistanding the usurpations and injustice 
of t!ie neighboring governments toward-: Yermont, and tlio 
Jatc resolutions of Congress, from a principle of virtue and 
■close attaclinient to the cause of liberty, as well as from a 
thorough examination of their own policy, theywcre int'iued 
once more to oiler union Vv'ith tlie United States of Ameri- 
ca, of which Congress v.'as the legal representative [)ody. 
The claims of Nevv-Iiampshire and IVev.'-York to tiic ju- 
risdiction of Vermont, were brought forward for a decis- 
ion. Ira Allen and Stephen II. Bradley, Esvi'rs, agents 
for Vermont, presented themselves, but were notconsider- 
,ed as the representatives of any stat3 or con;. try invcst- 
<3d with legislative a)jthority. Yet they required of 
Congress to be notified wlienever any subject relating to 
the independence of Vermont cjime before them. In 
iSeptember, being cited to appear, the agents of New- York 
furnished evidence to substantiate theii^clainis to the New- 
Hampshire grants, and that the settlers had no right to a^ 
separate and independent jurisdiction. Vermont, having 
never consented to submit the question of her right to en 
arbitrament of Congress, was very mucli disconcerted on 
finding that Congress was admitting testimony to decide 
the controversy without considering her as one of the par- 
ties or her agents in any other capacity than that of private 
persons. A feeling of obligation for the character and des- 
tiny of Vermont, constrained the agents to enter a remon- 
strance to the proceedings of Congress. The towering 
ppirit of independence was not chechcd by this repulse 
They declared it would lead to their own abasement and 
betray the trust reposed in them, to sit any longer us idl« 

9 



98 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

spectators. They professed their willingness to furnish 
their full proportion of troops and money for the Ameri- 
can war, until that should be terminated, und readiness to 
submit their dispute to the mediation of one or more disin- 
terested States, for final determination and adjustment. — r 
But they reprobate the idea that Congress should sit as a 
court of judicature to settle the dispute by virtue of any au- 
thority given to them by the acts of the States, which make 
but one party. 

The evidence of Nev/-Hampshire being heard, Congress 
delayed for further consideration. This delay of a decis- 
ion in the national legislature did not meet the approbation 
of the people of Vermont, although it furnished pretty 
conclusive evidence that the situation of the State iiad 
made some impression upon Congress. However, the 
immediate recognition of her independence, and admission 
into the Union, could not be expected. While the perti- 
nacious adiierence of New-Hampshire and New-York to 
their claims bufrettcd their designs and roused their re- 
Bentmeat, they determined upon a different kind of poli- 
cy. Congress' were fearful of deciding against them, 
knowing that the leading men would rather have Vermont 
become a province under the British government, than 
submit to the authority of Nevv-York. Thrrelbre a decis- 
ion upon the controversy of Vermont v.as v.isely avoided, 
which would have been as dangerous as to have done the 
same agr,i ;st New-Hampsliire or New-York. Congress 
avoided a decision uj^on the constitutional question, wheth- 
er they had the power to form a new State within the lim- 
its of the Union. The repulse V^ermont received on being 
refused an admission into the Union, and the alarm she bad 
taken from the measures pursued by New-Hampshire and 
Nevv-York, roused her to persue the snme measures that 
the other States had, in claiming jurisdiction beyond the 
•ettled boundaries of their governments. A majority of 
the inhabitants of the western parts of New-Hampshire 
were still desirous of uniting under the government of 
Vermont, — others were wishing to support the claims of 
New-Hampshire over the whole territory of Vermont. — 
A meeting of delegates from several towns in New-Hamp-. 
•hire was held at Walpole, and a committee was appoint* 



History of Vermont. 9& 

ed to report their views upon the sulijsct of uniting Ver- 
mont with New-Hiimpshire, which reported that a con- 
vention otight to he called from tlse towns on bothsidesof 
Connecticut river, to settle the controverted^ claims of 
New-Hamps:hire and Vermont. On the 16th of January, 
1789, representatives from forty-three tov/ns repaired "to 
Charlestown; hut to the great disappointment of lliose who 
moved tlie measure, a mtijority of t!ie convention was in 
favor of joining with the government of Verm.ont. A 
committee was appointed to consult with the legislature 
of Vermont, on the subject of the proposed union; and 
they reported to the legislature, then sitting at Windsor, 
February 10, 1732, that the convention were desirous of 
uniting with Vermont in one separate and independent 
government, upon such principles as should be mutually 
thought to he equitable and benelicial. In pursuance of 
the desires of tbe convention, the legislature resolved, on 
the 14lh day of February, " that in order to quiet the pres- 
ent difcturbances and enable the inhabitants on both sides 
of Connecticut river to defend their frontier, the legisla- 
ture ol tliis Slate do lay a jurisdictional claim to all tho 
lands whatever, east ot Connecticut river, north of Mass- 
achusetts, west of Mason's line, and south of latitude 45 
degrees. The articles of union Vv'ere agreed on by tho 
convention of New-Hampshire, then in session at Cor- 
nish, opposite Windsor, and the assembly of Vermont, 
which were declared sacred and inviolable. 

A number of the inhabitants in tho adjacent parts of 
New-York bad previously petitioned Vermont to receive 
them into union, and aiibrd them assistiince for the de- 
fence of the frontiers; informing them likewise, if their 
petition was rejected, ib.ey must retire into the interior of 
the country for protection and safety. This petition of 
the inhabitants;, the necessity of defending the l^ontiers, 
and the measures New-York was pursuing to subdue 
Vermont, were considered by the legislature as sufficient 
reasons for receiving tbe petitioners into her union. Ac- 
cordingly a resolution was passed on the 14th of Februa- 
ry. The b^gislature of Vermont determined to lay a ju- 
risdictional claim to all the land north of Massachusetts, 
and extending; ths same to Hudson's river, thence east of 



100 HISTORY O? VERMONT. 

the centre of the deepest cb.nnricl ofi?aid river to (he lieaa 
thereof, being extended to latitude forty-five degrees, and 
Bouthcf the same river, embracing all lliG lands and wa- 
ter to the present line of thit; state. 

Vermof^t now ovlended her claims into thejiirisdictions 
ofNew-York and New-Hampshire, witii nrore ))ropriety 
than these States liad in claiming the lands of Vermont, 
This policy was liighly siicce:^sful. The sixteen towns that 
had formerly connected themselves with Vermont, and 
those towns attached to New-York, imir.ediately joined 
in the njeasure. Also most of the tovvns in the adjoining 
counties of Grafton and Cheshire, in i\ew-IIampshire, de- 
clared for t!je union. Thirty-five towns were represent- 
ed from Ncw-Iiampshire, at the April session of the gen- 
eral Assembly. A com'-nittee was appointed by Vermont 
to take into consideration the request of the people, in tUo 
eastern parts of New-York, and in May 15, articles of un- 
ion were agreed, on by the representatives of twelve dis-. 
tricts in that stale, and the commiltee from Vermont. Juno 
16th, representatives from tea districts took their scats 
in the legislature of Vermont. 

This bold and decisive measure pursued by Vermont 
in defi^nding herself against the encroachments of the 
etates, produced, if nothing more, a high estimation of 
the bravery :ind fortitude of th.c people. Tlieir capability 
for self -government could not he doubted after so suc- 
cessful an experiment in organizing, and administering 
thcaiT.iirs of the state, and their loyalty and firmness in 
supporting the cause of American Independence. An in- 
fant settlement, destitiito of the wealth of older communi- 
ties, generously furnishing troops and provisions tor car- 
rying on a war with one of ilie most potent kingdoms in 
the world, merited the highest praise, and the full enjoy- 
ment ofits rights. The union forn:»ed, \\ ith the parts of 
the cidjoining states, added an exteflt of territory equal at 
least to the one over which she originally* claimed juris- 
diction. By this policy, she increased her rcsourccs.gain- 
ed the confidence of her friends, compelled the respect of 
her enemies, united the disafi'ected at home, invited em- 
igration, and laid the foandutionfor a large and powarfui 
state. 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 101 

The negotiation with Canada was a very fbrtiinale ex- 
pedient for obtaining rroni Congress an ultimate adjust- 
ment of their difiicuities, and securing an extensive front- 
ier against t'le cruel depredations of an invading enemy. 
At the time t!ie business was pending, no people in Ameri- 
ca were more fu*mly attached to the cause oflndependence 
than they, and none less liable to temptation ; hut sooner 
than yield to dismemberment, Ihey would iiave joined the 
enemy and established a royal government for their pro- 
tection. I'he report that the settlers were adherents to 
the British government, secured their favor, and such wag 
their increase of population and power, that they had no- 
thing to fear from the strength and policy of their oppos- 
ers. The legislature of this state continued to make 
grants of land, although Congress had resolved otherwise, 
and they acknowledged no grants made by New-York. — 
From the estimate the Britisli agents had fjrmed of the 
people, they calculated upon a system of corru])tJon, and 
Irelieved they could seduce them from their attachment to 
the American cause, and induce them to unite with the 
British government; and that Vermont would be per- 
Buaded to become a British province. The first in'.ima- 
tionof the kind was a letter from Colonel Beverly Robin- 
son to Colonel Ethan Allen, dated March 30ih, i760,ancl 
delivered to him in July, in t\\e ttreot at Arlington, by a 
Britisli soldier, habited in disguise. The business com- 
niunicated, and tenor of the letter, were expressed after 
the following manner : — "I am nov/ undertaking a husi- 
Des^ which I hope will be received with the same good in- 
tention it is made. By information from many of the in- 
habitants, I learned that the people were o;)posed to the 
wild chimerical scheme of the Americans, in attempting 
to separate this continent from Creat-Britain, and to es- 
tablish their Independence. And that they would wil- 
lingly assist in uniting America Vvith Great-Britain, and 
in restoring that happy constitution which has so wanton- 
ly and unadvisedly been destroyed. Ifthe information is 
correct, and such be your sentiments and inclination, on 
unreserved communication of your views on the subject 
shall be f\iithfully attended to and laid before the Com- 
Hiander-in-chicf according to vourdirections,which doubt- 

9* 



102 HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

less will have as grent cfiect from n^e as any person what- 
soever. Proposals cannot be made until your senlimer.ts 
are made known. Should a friend he sent licr*^ witli pro- 
posals, lie shall he protected and \vell trca{ed and allov.ed 
to return whenever he pleases.''' On receiving this letter 
Colonel Allen immediately Gommnnicated the contents of 
it to the governor, and a number of gentlemen inVermont, 
who unanimously agreed that it v^^as hett to return no an- 
swer. Colonel Robinson again wrote toEtlian Allen, in 
February, ITSl, inclosing th.c former letter in his commu- 
nication, and saying: — ''The frequent accounts vvc have 
had for three months past from your section of the coun- 
try, confirm the opinion of your inclination to join iho 
King's cause and assist in restoring An^erica to her for- 
mer happy and peaceful constitution. This induces me to 
make another attempt in e^ending this to you, especially as 
I can write witii more authority, and assure you of obtain- 
ing the terms nuntioncd in the above letter, provided you 
and the people of Vermont take a decisive and active part 
with us.'' And he further requested in wh.at manner the 
people of Vermont could be most serviceable to the Brit- 
ish, either by acting with the northern army, or in joining 
the army from New-York. No anfivver was returned to 
these letters by Allen; but they were sent in a conviiiUni- 
cation to Congress, March 9th, 17S1. lie declared to 
that body that no person could dispute his attachment to 
and sufierings in the cause of his country; I at lie did not 
hesitate to assert, that Vermont had an indubitable right 
to agree on fernjs of cessation of hcsTilities with Great- 
Britain, provided tiie United States persist in rejecting her 
application for a union with th.e Stales. Vertnont, of all 
people, would be the m.ost miserable, were she obliged to 
defend the independence of the United Slates, and they at 
the same time at full liberty to o\ erthrow and ruin the in- 
dependence of Vermont. 1 am persuaded, when Congress 
consider the circumstances of this Sfate, they will not bo 
more surprised that I have transmitted llicse letters, than 
that I have kept them in custody; lor I am as resolutely de- 
termined to del'cnd the independence of Verm.ont, as Con- 
gress arc that of the U. States; and rather than submit, will 
retire with the hardy green mountain boys into the desolate 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. lOS 

caverns of the mountains, and wnjie wnr with human na* 
lure at large. In the spring of 1780, tlic friends of cer- 
tain pri.soners, taken (>?' scouting parties and conveyed to 
Canada, applied to (governor C'p.iltenden to send in u flag 
and regulate their excl?angc. The husiness was accord- 
ingly made known to the commanding ofTijer of Canada, 
and in July, Ueneral IJaldimand's answer was brought by 
the way of lake </harnp!ain to Governor Chittenden. A 
f^ag was sent to Colonel Allen, the commanding officer in 
Ver:nont, promising a cessation of hostilities with tho 
same, durin*.^ the negotiation for the exchange of prison-^ 
ers. Allen consented to the proposal, on condition that it 
should extend to the adjacetit frontiers of New-York. — 
After some hesitation upon treating with'any part of Amer- 
ica, bat Vermont, the Briti-oli officer agreed to the prop- 
osition. 

Col. Ira Allen and IMaj. Joseph Fay vverc appointed 
commissioners by the Governor, to treat upon a negotia- 
tion of an exchange of prisoners with the British agents, 
Capt. J. Sherwood and (ieorge Smythe. Tho interview 
afforded the British agents an opportunity to make propo- 
sals and offers to found a royal estabiishnicnt in Vermont, 
and such a one as should be desired. The overtures of the 
royalists were treated by the commissioners with affabili- 
ty, though notliing decisive was concluded upon. They 
however considered the prospect fair, for effecting their 
purposes. About this time, the Indians unfortunately 
made a mischievous descent upon Royaltou; High expec- 
tations were entertained the next year that their scheme 
would succeed, and it was for the interest of Vermont not 
to undeceive then). Tho continental troops in Vermont 
and parts adjacent, had all been ordered out of the terri- 
tory, leaving the people, who were destitute of money and 
magazines, exposed to the northern army, consisting of 
seven thousand men. Vermont had no other way but to 
effect by policy v»hat she cordd not by power. The exec- 
utive council concluded that this kind of management was 
designed by Congress to force tlieir siibmission to New- 
Y'ork : therefore they thought it best for their own safety, 
to manage thf* British attempts at seduction to their own 
adraritai^e. Col. Alien proccded to Canada, to complcto 



lO-i HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

R cartel for tho exchange of prisoners, in Mr.y, 17"S1.— - 
The whole business was accomplished in seventeen days, 
on a verbal agreeraent that hostilit- s siiould ccnf=e between 
the British uiid those within the jurisdiction of Vermont, 
until after the next session of the Icgishiture of the State, 
and longer, if the prospects were agreeable to the com- 
mander in chief. The rcge of party feelings ran so high 
against the tories and those in friendship with the British, 
that a person in Arlington, who ]i;id in this Vvay rendered 
himself obnoxious to. the people, vvould have had his house 
destroyed, if Col. and Capt. Brownson had not by their 
advice prevented the outrage. Col. Allen being entrusted 
v.'ith liie matter, v/asfully competent to transact the busi- 
ness of his commission. Possessed of a ready talent at ne- 
gotiation, the British agents were suffered to deceive them- 
Belves with tlic idea of their own success, and he complete- 
ly effected his objects by inducing them to torm an agree- 
ment that no hostilities sliould be commenced against the 
State of Vermont. An exchange of prisoners was eficct- 
ed with the enemy on lake Chariiplain, by Major Fay, in 
July; and in vScptcmbcr, Fay and Allen bad another con- 
ference wit!i the British agents, and left them in high ex- 
pectations of making a royal province of Vermont : so that 
tho enemy avoided hostilities aad returned the irihabitants 
wiio had been carried av/ay into captivity. The news of 
Lord Corn walHs' surrender, October 19lh, lv8i, arrived 
nt the time When the legislature of Vermont were sitting 
at Charlcstown, New-Hampshire. General St. Lcger, at 
the head of the Britisli army from Canada, ascended lake 
Champlain, and encamped at Ticonderoga. At this time 
General Enos commanded the troops of Vermont, and had 
the head quarters of his army at Castleton. Although 
the General and a number of his ofticers understood the 
regulations v/ith the British, yet it becam.e necessary to 
keep up aj)pearances by sending out scouts to Champlain, 
to observe the enemy. One of tlie scouts fell in with n 
party of General St. Lcger's. Some shots were cxclian- 
^d, when Sergeant Tupper was killed and his men rettirn- 
cd. Tlie British agents sent letters to the seat of govcrn- 
fTJcnt for the State, announcing their intentions, and odering 
td publish proclamations immediately among the people. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 105 

Tho news of Cornwallis' surrender, tiiey were informed, 
would probably render such ii step G;ingerQus, and defeat 
every prospect of success; thereiore their only j)riident 
way was to fiv/;iit tlie disclosures of time. Tiie disasters 
of the southern army disheartened them and they returned 
down the lake for winter quarters, witliout having dona 
any injury to Vermont, in the winter of 1762, the Brit- 
isli in Canada were anxious to know what eHect the sur- 
render of Cornwallis had produced upon the minds of tho 
people, and two letters were written in February and Aprils 
requestirig information on t'nat subject, in the most urgent 
terms. My anxiety, (says the agent,) induced m.e to ap- 
ply to his Excellency for permission to send the bearer 
with this leiter, to which .1 earncsliy request you to re- 
turn me an answer in the most candid and unreserved 
terms, the present v.ishes and intenticns cf th.e people 
Oivl leading men of Vermont, respecting your ibrmer 
negotiations, and what clToct the catastropiic of Lord 
Cornwallis has on them. Will it not bo well to consider 
tho many changes and vicissitudes of war? Hov/ever 
brilliant the last campaign may appear, the next may Vv-cay 
a very different aspect. I hope you vvillview the matter 
ns I do, and I think you will consider it more than ever 
your interest to unite with those who wish to establish 
you |i free and happy Government. Will there be a prop- 
er time to send a proclamation? I repeat my request, 
that you will tell me without liesitnnce, what may be ex- 
pected in future. Another communicadon of April 22, 
was addressed to the correspondents of th.e British in 
Vermont, urging the necessity of an immediate decision 
in the case, and proffering the aid and friendship of tlio 
government in securing to them the great privileges of 
peace and prosperity, should the peopje of Vermont ac- 
quiesce in tlieir propositions. . 

Fearful ahowt the event, and even anxious for an ans- 
wer, on the 30lh of the same month they wrote again, with 
elill greater promises. '• His Excellency,'"^ (observed tho 
agent) "has never lost sight of his first object, and I am 
happy to be able in tliis to inform you that li)e General 
bus lately arrived, by tljo v/ay of Halifax, with full powers 
from the King, to establish in V 1 a government ia- 



106 HISTORY OF VEltMONT. 

eluding tho full extent of the east and west union?, with 
every privilege and immunity formerly profiered to yon, 
and he is likewise fully authorized, as well as sincerely 

inclined, to provide especially, for and to mako 

Brigiidier General, in the line ficld otricer, 

with such other rewards as your sincerity and good servi- 
ces in bringinp; about the revolution, may in future nr.erif. 
In short, the General is vested with full powers to niak© 
such rewards as he shall judge proper, to all those who 
distinguish themselves in promoting the Iiappy union, and 
ns his Excellency has the greatest confidence in you, and 

, much will depend on your recommendations. '^ — 

Two officers belonging to Vermont, were then prisoners 
in Canada. Allen was sent by. Governor Chittenden, with 
a letter to ^TCiieral Haldimand, requesting their release.-^ 
All the arts of negociation were employed to persuade Ver- 
mont to become a B/itisii province, and to do it without 
bringing on a renewal of hostilities. Every species of 
argument v/as employed by the Gcnei'al to eli'ect a treaty 
with Vermont, but notliing more was done tlian to suspend 
host■.litie^5, and write a friendly letter to Gov. Chittenden, 
stating the liheriition of the prisoners. *' You may rest 
assured that I shall give such orders as will eueclually 
prevent hostilities of any kind being exercised in the dis- 
trict of Vermont, so long as t!)e public affairs arc subject 
to my management. And you n)ay have my authority to 
promulgate in such manner as you shall think f.t, this, my 
inteiition, to t!ie people of said district; that they may, 
without any apprehension, continue to encourage and pro- 
mote the settlement and cultivation of that nev/ country, 
to the interest and happiness of themselves, and their pos- 
terity.'' The war and these t:egociations terminated in 
producing t'le highest impressions of amity and friendship 
in Canada, towards Vermont. The last communication 
of tlie British, on this subject, was on the twenty-fifth of 
March, ITS3, before tlie news of peace was oflicially 
known or relied on as suoh in Canada. An expression of 
tiieir sentiments upon this subject may'be infered from the 
letter of General Haldimand, in the spring of 1TS3; ** I 
am commanded to acquaint you, that, actuated from tho 
beginning, by the sincere desire of serving ycu ^nd your 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 1G7 

people, as well as Rf promoting the royal.causc,l)y rc-iinil- 
ingyou willi the mother country, his excellency never lost 
nn opportunity ot representing every circumstance that 
could he advanced in your favor to the Ring's ministers, 
in th.ehope ofaccomplishing a reconciliation. His excel- 
lency will continue by such representations to clo all in 
bis power to serve you, but what efli^ict it may have at this 
kite period is very uncertain. While his excellency sin- 
cerely regrets tlie happy moment which it is much to l)e 
feared cannoi be recalled, of restoring to you (he blessing 
of the I^ritlsh government, and views with concern tliG fatal 
consequences ;\pproaching, which he has so long and so 
frequently predicted, from vour procrastination ol' reject- 
ing the adoption of bis desired measure. 

In the present imccrlain state of affairs, uninformed as 
his excellency is of what is doing or perhaps clone in a 
general accommo lation, he does not think fit, until t\w 
result shall be known, to give any opinion which may in- 
fluence you, perhaps to the prejudice of your interest, or 
that mighlinterfere with the views of government. Should 
any thing favorable present, you may still depend on his 
excellency's utmost endeavors for your salvation. In this 
manner term.iuiited a correspondence which, on the part 
of the Britisii, consisted of various attempts to induce tho 
leading men of Vermont to desert the Americaii cause and 
become a British province. The correspondence was, 
on the partof t;)03e in Vermont v/ho were acquainted with 
the secret, a doubtful and evnsive course oi' general an- 
swers and proposals, calciilat:;d to support the British 
hopes of seduction, by carefully avoiding the imiplication 
of governmer.t in such measures or engagements. The 
object of these transactions was a cessation of hostilities 
nnd security against an invasion from Canada, when Ver- 
mont was deserted and unable to protect herself Thom- 
as Chittenden, Moses Robinson, Samuel Safford, Ethan 
Allen, Ira Allen, Timothy. Brownson, John Fasset and 
Joseph Fay were the only persons in Vermont who had anj 
knowledge of the Can;u!ian negotiation. And they, from 
the commencement of the war, were among the most san- 
guine for the independence of America : men who, through 
the whole of the coriespondence, gave decisive proofs that 



108 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

they could neither be brihcd I)y v^-cnlth or seduced by lion- 
ors. Tha proceedings of the English goveinrnent had be- 
come so odious that the people, under a siisj)icion of iho 
communication with t!ie Critisli ngents, rose luore than 
once to demand e.\plcinations. Whether such a measure 
was justifiable at this crisis of affairs, reason best can de- 
termine. It may be said, that such a course of proceeding 
at a time when the Republic of America was liii!)ie to bo 
vanquished, was unjustifiable; but on the other side, it may 
be urged, that thirty thousand {>eopie, neqlected by Con* 
gress, distracted by intrigues and the policy of the adja- 
cent states, had as good a reason for defending their lib- 
erty as l!ie rest of the continent. Should it be found that 
the only alternatlv^j for Vermont was to be ruled by the 
power of their ancient enemies, their proceedings in th'iH 
case will be applauded rather tliari condemned. The peo- 
ple could hardly be made to believe that tljcy were under 
tiny moral obligation to destroy themselves, for the sake 
of securing the independence of those who had refused 
them admittance into their confederation. But "however 
the propriety of such policy might be viewed, the event 
showed that a sound judgment had been fornicd respecting 
its efieet. 

The people of Vermont by this management were freed 
from hoKtih'ties; their prisoners were restored, and them- 
selves considered Jis fiicnda ralijer tiian enemies. Thus 
while the British Generals imagined they were deceiving 
and corrupting the people of Vermont by their superior 
arts and addresses, the wise "poli^-y of eight honest far- 
mers disarmed (lie northern army, kept them quiet and in- 
-oflensive during three campaigns, opposed Cornwallis, 
protected tlie northern frontiers, and finally saved the 
etate. 

The British Tvlinis^try, as well as the Generals, consid- 
,€red that they had nearly accomplished the defection of 
Vermont, fiom the cause of the American Independence. 
A letter, written by Lord (jSermain, then at tlie head of 
the American department, was intercepted on the way to 
Sir Heniy Clinton, and carried to rhiladelphia. Tho 
purport, of it was, '' the return of the peo|de ofVermont, 
to their allegiance is an event of the utmost importance to 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 109 

the King's affairs, and at the sanne time, if Washington 
really meditated an irruption into Canada, it may be con- 
sidered as offering an insurmountable bar to the attempt. 
General Haldimand, who has the same instructions witii 
you, to draw over those people and give them support, 
will, I doubt not, push up a body of troops to act m con- 
junction with them, to secure all the avenues through tlyjir 
country into Canada 5 and when the season admits, take 
possession of the upper parts of the Hudson and Connect- 
icut rivers, and cut off all communications between Alba- 
ny and the Mohawk country. How far they may be able 
to extend soiithward and eastward, must depend on their 
numbers and the disposition of the inhabitants." This 
letter was placed before tlie public, in the Fennsylvani<i 
Packet, a newspaper of that time. 

The evidence that orders were given to the British 
Generals in New-York and Canada, to support the people 
of Vermont, was now publicly known, and the heads of 
the British government were apprised of this disposition. 
Nothing was wanting to prevent it but the admission of 
the State into the Union. After ascertaining th€ fact, that 
the leaders of Vermont were capable of accomplishing 
what they had undertaken with vigor and intrepidity in the 
American war, and in the contest for the independence of 
the State, public opinion was decidedly in favor of ad- 
mitting Vermont into the Union, It was declared to be 
dangerous to risk the independence of the United States, 
upon a dispute with those who had shown that they deserv- 
ed the blessings of freedom as much as their neighbors^ 
(jreneral Washington was of the same opinion, which gave 
additional weight. The subject of her admission was 
acted upon in a style very different from what it had been 
before. In August 7th, 1781, Congress by a majority of 
its delegates, resolved that '' the claims of the people in- 
habiting the New-Hampshire grants, to exercise the pow- 
ers of a sovereign and independent State, and the rights 
which New-Hampshire and New-York have to extend 
their jurisdiction over the said grants, be retered to a com- 
mittee of five persons, appointed to confer with such per- 
sons as may be appointed by the inhabitants of Vermont, 
in vindication of their said claims. And further to agree 

10 



iJO HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

on such terms as may be proper for their admission into 
the contederacy of tiie States. Congress also recom- 
mended to the people to appoint an agent or agents to go 
and confer with the committee at Philadelphia, on the 
subject in contemplation, and decide upon the terms and 
articles of union and confederation with the United States 
of America, in case they shall be admitted into the union. 
A conference was had between the committee of Congress 
and an agent of Vermont, on the ISth of August following. 
It was afterwards, on the 21st of August, made by resolu- 
tion of Congress an indispensable preliminary to the re- 
cognition olthe independence of Vermont, and their adr 
mission into the Federal Union, explicitly to relinquish 
uU claims to lands east of Connecticut river, and west of 
the towns granted by the Governor of New-Hampshire, 
and lake Champlain to the forty-fjfth degree of north 
latitude, excepting a neck of land between JN'Jissisque F>ay 
and the waters of the lake. These resolutions, with a 
verbal message, requesting explicit information what 
were the real intentions of the people of Vermont, were 
bent by Washington to Governor Chittenden. Whether 
the independence proposed by Congress vv'ould satisiy 
them, or if they Jiad it in contemplation to beconie a 
British province. The Governor returned a decisive 
answer that no people were more attached to tliC cause of 
American independence than the inhabitants of Vern:ont: 
but sooner than be put under the government of New- 
York, they vvouid submit to the crown of England. The 
resolutiuiis were then laid before the General Assembly 
of Vermont, convened at Charlestown, October, 1781', 
but although Congress conceded all which Vermont claim- 
ed, still, upon debating the subject, the assembly voted 
that they could not comply with the resolutions, without 
destroying the foundation of the universal harmony and 
agreement that subsisted in the state, and violating the 
{solemn compact entered into by articles of union and con- 
federation. They however affirmed that they should con- 
tinue steadfast in the principles on which the state first 
assumed a government, and hold the union of the differ- 
ent parts of it inviolate ; and that they would not submit 
the question of their independence to the arbitrament of 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. llJ 

^.ny power, but were willing to reier the question ofi.heir 
jurisdictional boundary wilh New-Hampshire and New- 
York to commissioners mutually chosen, and when ad- 
mitted into the Union, would submit any such dispute to 
Congress. Though Vermont had not accepted the reso- 
lutions of Congress, yet they were considered by New- 
York as a virtual determination or" her claims. The sub- 
ject was. brought before the legislature of that state, and 
a number of resolutions, with a protest against the pro- 
ceedings of Congress, were passed, mentioning their 
claims to the disputed territory, and the former proceed- 
ings of Congress. They declared by their resolutions, 
that tlie federal government had no authority by the arti- 
cles of union to intermeddle with the boundary limits of 
either of the United States, except in cases of dispute 
between any two or more of the states, nor to admit any, 
not even a British colony, excepting Canada, without the 
consent of nine states, and above all, to form a new state, 
by dismembering one of the thirteen states, without the 
consent of the whole. Should Congress attempt to carry 
their resolutions into effect, the legislature declared it 
would be an assumption of power and a manifest infrac- 
tion of the articles of confederation, and against which 
their solemn protest would be entered, and their delegates 
were expressly directed and reqtiired to enter their dissent 
at every step v.'hich may be taken to carry the said acts 
of Congress into execution. 

Among the early settlers of Vermont, no individual felt 
a stronger solicitude or used more unwearied exertions 
to confirm and establish the independence of the state, than 
(rovernor Chittenden. Perceiving the state to be in a 
very critical situation, he wrote to General Washington,, 
statiuij their situation and difficulties. Placino- the ut- 
most confidence in the General, the Governor gave him 
an account of the proceedings with the enemy, and as- 
signed for a reason that Vermont, drove to desperation by 
the injustice of those who should have been her friends, 
was obliged to adopt policy in the room of power, and 
further added, that Lord George Germain's letter wrought 
on Congress and procured that for them which the public 
virtue of this people could not obtain. 



112 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Difficulties of another character appeared in a different 
quarter while these transactions were occurring. The 
executive of Vermont was informed by one of the sheriffs 
in that part of New-Hampshire which had united with 
Vermont, that the government of the former state were 
about to compel the insurgents to submit to their laws and 
authority. The militia on the east side of the mountain 
were ordered out by the Governor, under the command of 
Lieutenant Governor Paine, to assist the sheriff in the ex- 
ecution of the laws, and to protect the citizens against, 
any insults ; and if an attack should be made with an ar- 
med force, to repel them by the same strength. A copy of 
the orders received were forwarded to the President of 
New-Hampshire, and Mr. Paine wrote that if New-Hamp- 
shire began hostilities, he should put his orders into exe- 
cution, and did not doubt but that the enterprise would be 
sustained by the people, and that Nevv-Hampshire must 
answer for all the consequences which might ensue. — 
Commissioners were sent to the general assembly of New- 
Hampshire, to effect a reconciliation of this alarming 
difficulty — the western union of Vermont was visited with 
troops, for the purpose of stopping the proceeding of 
those citizens who had united with this fetate. Gansevoort 
sent despatches to Colonel Walbridge, of Vermont, on 
the ISth of December, stating that in pursuance of a law 
of New-York, a body of troops had been ordered out to 
suppress an insurrection among some of the inhabitants ; 
that he had come to assist the sheriff of the county in sup- 
pressing those who had revalled against the governmenJ, 
and was informed that a large body of the green moun- 
tain troops were on their march. He therefore desired to 
be informed what was the object of their movement into 
the interior parts of that state, and by what authority. 

The commander of the Vermont force wrote that their 
object was to protect those of the inliabitants who profess- 
ed allegiance to the State of Vermont; he desired that 
conciliatory measures might be employed, but declared 
that he would not be answerable for any injurious conse- 
quences which might ensue. Serious difticulties were 
anticipated, but hapily they had more discernment auj^ 
wisdom than to proceed to hostilities. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 113 

The contest with Great-Brit;iin which now engaged 
their attention, seemed to convince them that differences 
among themselves should not be suffered to produce a 
civil war. The danger apprehended from this controver- 
sy to the United States caused much anxiety in the mind 
of Washington. On the first day of January, 17S2, he re- 
turned an answer to Governor Chittenden's letter, in these 
words: '* It is not my business, neither do 1 think it ne- 
cessary now to discuss the origin of the riglit of a num- 
ber of inhabitants to that portion of country formerly dis- 
tinguished by the name of the New-Hampshire grants, 
and now by that of Vermont. I will take it for ganted 
that their right was good, because Congress by their re- 
solve of the 7th of August, imply it, and by that of the 21st, 
are willing fully to confirm it, provided the new state is 
contined to certain described bounds. It appears, there- 
fore, to me, that the dispute of boundary is the only one 
that exists, and that being removed, all other difficulties 
would be removed also, and the matter terminated to the 
satisfaction of all parties. You have nothing to do but 
withdraw your jurisdiction to the confines of your own 
limits, and obtain an acknovvledgoment of your indepen- 
dence and sovereignty, under the resolve of the 21st of Au- 
gust, tor so much territory as does not interfere with the 
ancient established bounds of New- York, New-Hamp- 
shire and Massachusetts. In my private opinion, while it 
beiiooves the delegates to do ample justice to a body of 
people sufficiently respectable by their numbers, and en- 
titled by other claims to be admitted into that confedera- 
tion, it becomes them also to attend to the interests of 
their constituents, and see that under the appearance of 
justice to one, they do not materially injure the rights of 
others. I am apt to think this is the prevailing opinion 
of Congress." The prudent and successful management 
of Washington, in conducting the affairs of the war through 
scenes of hardship and danger, gave him a pre-eminence 
among the people, unattained before by any individual in 
America. His influence rested not merely upon the su- 
perior distinction of his generalship, but upon the steadi- 
ness of his integrity and virtue. While politicians were 
every where striving for popularity and power, the most 
10* 



li-i HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

lionorable and important of all distinctions reserved for 
him was a pre-eminence in the dominion of reason, wisdcrfj 
and virtue. This letter from the General was laid before 
the legislature of Vermont, then convened at Bennington, 
February, 1782, and it reconciled all the difficulties which 
before had operated as an impediment to their acceptance 
of the resolutions of Congress. The idea of extending 
the jurisdiction of Vermont beyond the bounds of the ori- 
ginal grants from New-Hampshire was entirely given up 
by the legislature. They very judiciously determined 
that the resolutions of Congress which had been passed 
upon the subject of the admission of Vermont into, the 
Union of the States, were equitable and proper. They 
therefore resolved, that the west banks of Connecticut 
river, and a line beginning at the north west corner of 
the State of Massachusetts, from thence northward tvven- 
ty miles east of HudsGn's river, as specified in tl.e resolu- 
tions of Congress in August last, be considered as the 
east and west boundaries of this State. The legislative 
body also relinquished all claims and demands to and right 
of jurisdiction in and over any and every district of terri- 
tory without said boundary lines. This union which had 
kept andpreserved Vermont from dismemberment between. 
New-Hampshire and New-York, was dissolved, but-; 
not without resentment from those members who had a 
seat in tlie legislature by the confederation, and which 
they supposed would be perpetual union of the state with 
those towns which were represented. 

The resolutions were fully complied with, and four 
agents, Jonas Fay, jMoses Robinson, Paul Spooner and 
Isaac Tichenor, Esqrs. were elected delegates to negoti- 
ate the admission of Vermont into the confederacy of the 
United States, and in case an agreement should be ef- 
fected, to ratify the articles of union with the confedera- 
ted States of America. The friends of Vermont now con- 
fidently anticipated an immediate termination of the contro- 
versy with New-York ; and having complied with the 
conditions demanded by Congress, she expected to be 
immediately admitted into the Union. A law wqs enacted 
by the federal government, providing that if in one month 
from the time that it should be communicated to Thoma« 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 115 

Chittenden, the inhabitants should comply with the con- 
ditions of the resolves of Congress, passed Aug. 7th and 
2lst, 17S1, then their admission into the Union should be 
immediate, but in case they refui^e and continue to exer- 
cise jurisdiction over tiie lands guaranteed to New-Hamp- 
shire and New-York, Congress would consider such neg- 
lect a plain indication of hostility to the Union, and that 
all applications made by the inhabitants for admission 
into the Union would be fallacious and delusive, and that 
thereupon the forces of the United States should be em- 
ployed against the inhabitants, and Congress Would con- 
sider all the lands within the territory to the eastward of 
the ridge of mountains, as guaranteed to New-Hampshire, 
and all the lands to the westward of said line, as guaran- 
teed to New-York ; and that the public functionaries do, 
without further delay, carry it into full execution. After 
various attempts a vote could not be obtained in favor of 
adopting these resolutions. 

A few days after these implacable feelings were expres- 
sed in Congress, the agent arrived, and on March 31st, 
the compliance of the legislature of Vermont with resolu- 
tions of Congress were officially laid before that body. 

A committee of five, to whom was referred the proceed- 
ings of Vermont, reported " that in the sense of the com- 
mittee, the people of said district by the last recited act 
have fully complied with the stipulations made and reques- 
ted of them in the resolution of the 7th and 21 st of August, 
as preliminary to a recognition of their sovereignty and 
independence and admission into the federal union of the 
;states. And that the conditional promise of Congress of 
such recognition and admission is thereby become ahso- 
iute and necessary to be performed." 

Vermont was by report of the committee, recognized 
and acknowledged to be a ivQid, sovereign and independent 
state. On the report being read in Congress, a motion 
was made for the consideration of the same on the first 
Tuesday of October, which by the vote taken was decid- 
ed in the negative. The third Tuesday in June was also 
assigned for the transaction of this business, when a de- 
cision like the former w^s given. A motion was then in- 
troduced for considering the vote on the following Mon- 



tie HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

day, and the vote was found in the negative for the third 
time. 

The evasive policy formerly adopted by Congress to- 
wards Vermont, seemed now to be revived. Having no 
j)rospect of accomplishing any thing by their agency, the 
business was concluded by the delegates in addressing a 
communication to the President of Congress, reprpsent- 
ing that V(umont in consequence of the plighted faith of 
(.'ongress had complied with their resolutions in the most 
ample manner. The delay of Congress in not executing 
on their part according to the meaning of the resolve, oc- 
casioned great disappointment. Vermont was now re- 
duced to a critical situation, t^he was exposed to the prin- 
cipal force of the enemy in Canada, and destitute of the 
assistance of the United States, which occasioned a great 
solicitude among the inhabitants that an unnecessary delay 
might not deprive them of the advantages of the confed- 
eration. 

The proceedings of Congress, after making every rea- 
sonable allowance lor their imperfections, cannot be very 
favorably considered. Decisive measures were at this 
time demanded in their proceedings upon the petition of 
Vermont. The resolutions of Congress on the 7th and 
21st of Aug. 17S1, were construed as a conditional prom- 
ise on the part of Congress, and the condition had been 
fully complied with on the part of the settlers.. The faith 
of Congress and the honor of their distinguished and res- 
pected Genera! demanded the most exact performance of 
what they had engaged, and induced the people of Vermont 
to confide in. llad the agents of Vermont expressefi 
themselves in terms of the greatest indignation at the pub- 
lic triflmgof those whose proceedings should have been 
marked with the strictest fidelity and the most delicate 
sense of honor, it would have been no more than just. 

As soon as the resolutions of Congress were understood 
by the people of Vermont, a general opinion prevailed 
that they had been deceived, and there was no safety in 
trusting to public proceedings which could be changed 
by the intrigues and cabals of parties. Individuals and 
public bodies determined to ma-intain the independence 
of the state to the extent of their boundaries, and defend 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 117 

tliemselves by force against any body of men who sliould 
try to disturb or dissolve tbeir government, and to solicit 
Conj^rcss no more on the subject of their union with the 
confederacy; but that no blame should be attached to tr.em 
for their neglect, agents were appointed at their anfiUal 
session in October, to procure the admission of Vermont 
into the Union of the States. 



CHAPTER V. 



A survey of the political affairs of Vermont from the year 
17S3, to her admission into the Union of the States.—^ 
Proceedings at Guilford. — Commotion in the southern 
part of the State. — Measures pursued by the Nctr' 
York Legislature. — Resolutions of Congress. Fro- 
test of thi government of Vermont^ar^ainst them. Cei>- 

sation of hostilities with Great Britain. — Vermont a- 
verse to an union with the Fe,deral Government. — New 
Constitution of the Unite^l States. — New-York propo- 
ses an adjustment of the controversy. — Settlement of 
the same'. — Boundaries of the State established. Ver- 
mont admitted into the Union. — Consequences of tht 
controversy. 

The civil commotions whicli agitated the external af- 
fairs of Vermont did not interrupt her domestic tranquilli- 
ty and success. Various opinions were entertained of the 
utility and consequent effect of their assumption of the 
powers of government. Some were fearful that the un- 
dertaking could not be sustained, others were in principle 
attached to New York, and another party were actuatefl 
by a lawless kind of feelings to be freed from all restraints 
of law and government. 

Many of these sought protection and avowed ajlegianre 
to New-York, from whom they received civil and milita- 
ry commissions, and whose desires they endeavored ta 
support to the great detriment of the government of Ver- 
mont. I5ut with all these impedements, the "o\ernment 
of this state became more efficient, not only from the cz.- 



118 HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 

ertions of tho.se who were residents in the state, but by 
the accession of large numbers of emigrants from the 
other states who were generally in favor of the govern- 
ment, and added very much to its force, unanimity and 
numbers. These favorable occurrencies induced a de- 
gree of amicable feeling towards those who l;ad opjDosed 
the government of the state. Accordingly the legislature 
of the state passed a general act of amnesty in Februarv, 
17S1, in favor of those persons in the State who had pre- 
viously opposed its authority. 

In the Southern part of Vermont a considerable pro- 
portion of the settlers were, as before stated, prepossesed 
in favor of the governniGnt of ^Jew-York, and supixorted 
it and those commissioned under its authority, with zeal 
and fidelity. The town of Guilford, on the southern line 
of the Sta^te, was celebrated for parties, particularly those 
denominated tories, or the adherents of New-York and 
the British government. As early as 17T6 t!iey declared 
tiiemselves in favor of their ov/n State independence and 
that of the United States.; and raised, paid and cquiped 
nine soldiers for the contineiital army, which was done by 
a tax on the town. Atler this, in 1778, different senti- 
ments prevailed. — A committee was chosen to defend the 
town against the pretended State of Vermont, and a selec- 
tion of Yorkers was made to take particular care of the 
powder, lead and other stores. A further vote was given 
in 1780, upon tiie'busiriess of defending themselves against 
the insults of the pretended State of Vermont, and several 
other resolutions of a like character were also enacted. — 
These meetings were held annually, at which time a com- 
plete system of laws were passed for the government of 
the town. The town books having come into the posses- 
sion of the opposition by a majority of votes, they exclu- 
ded the other party from the ballot box by the force of 
arms. Armed tbrces frequently came from Brattlebo- 
rough to stand sentry at their meetings, where hostile 
skirmishes ensued. Those attached to the State of Ver- 
mont kept up regular meetings, until their records were 
lost; and they in turn frequent^iy sent scouting parties 
to the assistance of their friends in Brattleborough. The 
party in favor of the State of New-York having a disa- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. llU 

grecincnt with the government of Vermont, relative to the 
jurisdiction of the State, became so .incensed at the oth- 
er as to proceed to open iiostilities. Captain TSIathaniel 
Carpenter, of Guilford, commanding the Yorkers, com- 
menced »T.n attack upon the inn of Josiali Arms, of Brat- 
tleborough, the quarters of Farnsworth, the Commissary 
General, Major Boyden, Captain Waters, and Lieutenant 
Fisk, of the State troops, and demanded the immediate 
delivery of Captain Waters, concerning whom General 
Farnsworth expostulated with them in vain. The assail- 
ants became exasperated, and fired about thirty balls 
through the house, wounding Major Boyden and a trav- 
eller slightly. Resistance became unavailing ; whereup- 
on Captain Waters resigned himself up to the force who 
immediately carried him into Massschusetts ; but a party 
from Vermont pursued and overtook them the next day at 
Northampton, and released Captain Waters. In the same 
year, 1783, Lieutenant Fisk, witli about 40 men, marf:hed 
to Guilford, and was fired upon by the Yorliers, when tlie 
Lieutenant and several others were wounded. On hearing 
of this afi'ray, about 59 green mountain boys appeared and 
dispersed the insurgents. 

Desperate and distressing was the situation of the in- 
habitants of G uiiford, amounting at this time to 2,G00 souls. 
They were so enraged at each other, that all w^ent armed, 
to defend themselves against attacks. Connections and 
neighbors were opposed to each other, and the sick could 
not be visited by physicians, without a pass from tiie com- 
mittee. Confusion had usurped the place of social order, 
when, fortunately. Colonel Ethan Allen arrived in town, 
with a force of one hundred Vermonters. He immediate- 
ly issued a proclamation, declaring that unless the peopl-e 
of Guilford peaceably submit to the authority of Vermont, 
the same shall be made as desolate as Sodom and (lO- 
morrah, by G — . The partizans of New-York, having 
fired on Allen's troops, he determined on humbling them. 
Martial law was proclaimed, and so.ne of the people were 
made prisoners, and others put under bonds for good be- 
haviour. Troops were quartered in town, under the com- 
mand of S. R. Bradley and 1. Allen, to bring the Yorkers 
to submission. Similar scenes revived in the winter of 



1-^0 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

1731, when Captain Knights, of Rockingliam, was sent (o 
quell tlie insurrection, who, after entering Guilford, on the 
5th of March, drove the New-York party to Massachu- 
setts, where a battle ensued, and one man was killed. 

The town was soon at\er relieved from the martial law. 
During this period of confusion, the adherents of New- 
York had been so closely pursued by the civil and military 
authorities of Vermont, and their property so much con- 
fiscated, that they fled to New-York, and settled almost 
the whole township of Bainbridge, which was appropria- 
ted by that Slate to the New-York sufterers. While the 
supreme power was vested in the town meetings, refugees 
came from the neighboring states to this town ; but when 
the civil law prevailed, they fled, and so great was tho 
decrease of inhabitants, that where one farmer now pos- 
sesses and occupies a tenement, there were formerly half 
a dozen log huts. Transactions of a similar character 
occurred in some of the adjoining towns, but this place 
appeared to be the seat and center- for planning schemes 
oC opposition and resistance to the government of Ver- 
mont, and quite a resort for those who espoused tho cause 
ofGreat-Britain. 

New-York now perceived that she could only support 
her jurisdiction in Vermont, by lenient meai^ures ; there- 
fore, in April Hth, 1TS2, the assemldy of that Stnte passed 
an act, stating that divers persons in the northern part of 
Vermont, having denied the sovereignty of New-York, 
by their unlawful combinations, and being mislead by art- 
ful and designing men, from their allegiance to this State, 
have professed repentance for their crimes, and desired 
the passage of an act of oblivion and |)ardon ; where- 
upon it was resolved, that all capital, corporeal or pecu- 
niary punishments, fines, forfeitures, judgements and 
executions, to which tliey were liable to in consequence 
of crimes and oftences, are hereby remitted and discharg- 
ed, and all such persons are fully restored to the same 
condition they were before the commission of the crimes; 
and that all charters of land, made by New-Hampshire, 
when a colony, or by the government of Vermont, prior to 
any granted by any other government, shall be ratified and 
confirmed unto their respective grantees ; and all actual 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 121 

settlers, holding lands by possession, shall be confirnned 
in their possessions and improvements, and sliall have a 
patent thereof from the government of the state, by paying 
the customary fees. But all persons convicted of adher- 
ing to the government of (Ireat-Britain, shall not be res- 
tored in person or property, by virtue of any lav*' in this 
vStatc. These measures did not produce in the minds of 
the people, any dillerent feelings towards the government 
of New-York. Exposed to an invasion from Canada, by 
the departure of the continental troops to the soulli, tlic 
government of Vermont found it necessary to order a 
draft of militia, for the purpose of defence. Some of thcni 
complied willingly, but others vvitii extreme reluctance, 
particularly in the south-eastern part of the State, who by 
tiie encouragement derived from the Governor of New- 
York finally resisted the authority of the State. To bomc 
of these persons he gave civil and military commissions 
and a promise of support and protection. The exertions 
of those made insolent by the support derived from the 
government of N ew-York, proceded so high as to attempt 
the execution of the laws of that State upon tlie citizens 
of Vermont. Mild measures proved ineffectual: a mili- 
tary force was sent by the public authority of Vermont, 
to assist the sherifl" of Windham county, and to protect the 
courts of Justice, against the violence and opposition of 
a mob. Five of the principal persons engaged in the op- 
position, were tried and sentenced by the Supreme Court 
to perpetual banishment, and others were amerced in pe- 
cuniary fines according to the usages of law. The au- 
thority of Vermont had so effectually checked the attempt 
at insurrection, that their only resort for protection and 
reward, was to the government of New-York. But that 
State was unable to afford them relief ; they, therefore, 
made complaint to Congress, that their ordinances were 
publicly violated — a jurisdiction had been exercised over 
thcoc persons who were the professed subjects of Nevy- 
York. On the 14th of November, 1779, a committee in 
Congress reported that " the measures complained of 
were probably occasioned by the State of New-York hav- 
ing lately issued commissions both civil and military, to 
persons resident in the district called Vermont." It was 

11 



im HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

further recommended to the State of New-York to rev ok® 
all the commissions which had been issued by that authori- 
ty, since the first of iMay, and it was also recommended 
to Vermont to make restitution to those who had suffered 
damages. These resolutions, however beneficial they 
might have been to the people at that time, did not, after 
several attempts, receive the sanction of Congress. 

When the business was taken up again, on the 5th of 
December, Congress, instead of proceeding to fulfil her 
engagements with Vermont, condemned them for punish- 
ing the insurgents; and in the miniatory language of au- 
thority, decreed "that the people inhabiting the district of 
country on the west side of Connecticut river, called the 
New-Hampshire grants, and claimed to be an independ- 
ent State, in contempt of the authority of Congress, and 
in violation of its acts, did unlawfully proceed to exercise 
jurisdiction over those persons who profess allegiance to 
the State of New-York, having banished them, not to re- 
turn on pj^in of death and confiscation of estate. These 
proceedings were pronounced dangerous to the government 
of the United States, and such as demand the immediate 
interposition of Congress, for the relief of such as have 
suffered by them and for preserving the peace until the con^ 
troversy relative to the jurisdiction of the same shall be 
decided. They required of Vermont to make full restitu- 
tion to those who were banished or had their property con- 
fiscated, and commanded them not to molest anyoneinper^ 
son or property on their return to their habitations in said 
district. These injunctions Congress declared must be 
obeyed, or effectual measures would be taken to enforce 
compliance. These acts of Congress had a tendency to 
do away all the remaining attachment and respect which 
Vermont had for the proceedings of that body. The re- 
monstrance of the Governor and Council, for severity of 
rebuke and strength of reasoning, is not inferior to the 
productions of the most eminent statesmen. The solemn 
engagements which Congress had entered into with the 
State, they informed them, had not been fulfilled. Their 
own articles of confederation precluded them from inter- 
meddling with the internal government of any of the Uni- 
ted States, much mpre with this, from whom not even a, 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 123 

delegated power had been received. Upon principles of 
justice, this State has as good a right to independence as 
Congress, and has an equal right to pass resolutions pre- 
scribing rules to that body, as she has to order this 
State to receive those that were banished, and make res- 
titution to them and other criminals, of the property taken 
from them by a due course of law, under the authority of 
ihe State. They were reminded that their conduct to« 
wards Vermont was the same which the British govern- 
ment pursued towards the Colonies : that their proceed- 
ings tended to make the liberty anii rights of mankind a 
merebawble and the sport of State politicians: that it 
v.'as of no avail to establish one arbitrary power on the ru- 
ins of another: that they were free and should continue 
independent, notwithstanding all the power and artifice 
of New-York ; and further, that they had no difficulty 
with the general government, complexly viewed, but were 
at all times able to vindicate their rights and liberties a* 
gainst the intrusions of NcAv-York. In their answer, 
they enquire how the exercise of civil law in Vermont 
could very much endanger the strength of the United 
States or require the interposition of the general govern- 
ment to establish peace in the State? Laws and civil 
regulations, diey declare, were established in Vermont 
foefbre Congress passed their late resolutions, and what 
difficulties these could occasion time would unfold. It is 
a general opinion, that if Congress had carried their agree- 
ment with Vermont into effect, it would have had a more 
ealutary influence in promoting the peace than their re- 
cent resolutions. 

In that part of the communication relating to the ban- 
ishment and confiscation of those who opposed the gov- 
ernment of New-York, they observe, that Congress had 
been so mutable in their resolutions respecting Vermont, 
that it is impossible to calculate their designs or compre- 
hend their meaning. At one time, a space is left by the 
limits of their guarantee to New-Hampshire and New- 
York, for the existence of Vermont ; at another. Con- 
gress are within these limits, controlling the internal gov- 
ernment of the State ; again, the ratification of their pre- 
liminaries of confederation, when complied with on the 



124 HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 

part of the State, are unreasonably procrastinated. They 
iinally close their appeal, in answer to the threats of Con- 
gress, in case they should refuse to comply with their res- 
olutions, in this manner: That General Washington and 
most of the inhabitants of the contiguous States, were in 
favor of the independence of Vermont, and that if Congress 
had judicial authority to control the internal police of the 
State, the State had a right to be heard in its defence; that 
an e.rp«7'iffi de<;isionofso inrportant a matter, without any 
notice to the State, was unjustifiable on their own princi- 
ples and contrary to the law of nature and nations. The 
remonstrance was concluded with a strong solicitation for 
Vermont to be immediately admitted into the confederacy 
of the States. 

In the month of February, the assembly convened at 
Windsor, and sent forward a petition declaring in plain 
and decisive terms, that they were conscious of doing no 
act derogatory to the dignity or in contempt of the author- 
ity of CongrcciS, or to disturb the peace of the confedera- 
cy; but solely with a view to the security ©f their just 
rights and the internal peace and tranquillity of the state. 
That they had from the commencement of the war brav- 
ed every danger and hardship against the usurpation of 
Great-Britain, in common with the United States. As 
their inherent right of sovereignty and jurisdiction stand 
confessed upon the pi'inciples of the revolution and impli- 
ed by the solemn transaction of Congress, they could not 
but be surprised at the resolution of that body, passed De- 
cember 5th, and the manner in \vhich the business was 
conducted. 

The resolutions of Congress bad an effect entirely dif- 
ferent in Vermont from what had been anticipated. They 
considered them the result of their enemies' influ- 
ence; a mere compound of contradictions and evasions, 
that deserved neither the faith nor respect of the people. 
A membership with the confederated states was no long- 
er solicited, but was even viewed as detrimental to the 
prosperity ot Vermont. 

The hostile attitude of Great-Britain towards the Uni- 
ted States, had been very distressing. But at the same 
time the union was more tirmly cemented by the experi- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 125 

ence of such difficulties. The removal of tlie cause,hovv- 
ever, produced a cessation of hostilities, and America was 
restored to a state of tranquillity and peace. The pre- 
liminary articles of peace were executed by the Minis- 
ters of the King of Great-Britain and the United States, 
January 20, A. D. 17S3. This was the consummation of 
their wishes and the fruits of their toil. They were rank- 
ed by the concession of Great-Britain free, sovereign and 
independent slates. This pacification relieved Congress 
from embarrassments and Vermont from the apprehen- 
sion of danger. The state had now no enemies to oppose, 
or provisions for war to furnish : therefore, a connection 
with the union was no longer a matter of urgent or imme- 
diate necessity. Although the clouds of war had passed 
from the atmosphere of America, still, want and weakness 
encumbered the energies of the government. — Their cur- 
rency had failed, their revenues were exhausted, and the 
public debt was unfunded, which occasioned great dissat- 
isfaction in. the army, and loud complaints among credit- 
ors. Congress had no power to raise money, but merely 
to make the requisitions upon the state?. These were oft- 
en disregarded, as no authority was given to enforce obe- 
dience. Thus the public affairs oftheUnion became more 
and more embarrassed with disorder and a want of credit 
and power. Neither did the articles ®f the confederation 
give them the power to regulate commerce : consequently 
treaties with foreign nations would not be obligatory up- 
on the individual states. Unprotected by contracts, and 
unsupported by countervailing regulations, the American 
merchants were refused all participation in the commerce 
of the world, except on terms, at once troublesome and 
degrading. The commerce between the states, which 
were regarded as distinct and independent sovereignties, 
was also encumbered by numerous restrictions, occasion- 
rng frequent collisions, and diminishing the advantages 
which naturally flow from the unfettered enterprise and 
industry of man. Trade languished, and from the want 
of its vivifying influence, enterprise ceased, and the re- 
sources of the country lay dormant. 

In this state of public afiairs, it could be of no possible 
service, or importance, for Vermont to join the confeder- 
11* 



126 HISTORY OP Vl^RMOJVr. 

acy of the states. She \vas now free from the burthen ct 
debts which lay on tlie United States, and undisturbed 
with the caHs of Congress to raise necessary sums of 
money. The experience they had in the business of self- 
government operated very favorably upon their legislative 
and judicial proceedings. Their peculiar situation had 
prevented them from incurring large debts ; therefore, 
they were under no necessity of raising great sums in tax- 
es upon the people. The state having extensive tracts of 
uncultivated land, obtained a considerable revenue from 
the sale, to purchasers who were continually coming in 
from the ditierent states in New-England. These settlers 
made large accessions annually to the numbers and wealth 
of the state. The public affairs of the United States or 
those of Vermont, otiered no inducements for the people 
to join the confederation, if they could avoid the connec- 
tion upon honorable terms. 

The power invested in Congress was perceived by the 
first statesmen in this country, to be wholly inadequate 
to the purpose of administering and supporting the federal 
government. In September, 1786, on the proposition of 
Mr. jNIadison, of Virginia, a convention of commissioR- 
ers from live of the middle states was held at Annapolis-, 
for the purpose of planning and recommending to the 
states, a uniform system of commercial regulations. On 
deliberi.ting upon the subject, the commissioners conclu- 
ded that nothing short of a complete reform of the exist- 
ing government should be attempted. By a resolution of 
Congress, a law was adopted recommending that a cgi> 
vention of delegates from all the states should be held at 
Philadelphia, for the purpose of forming a federal consti- 
tution, adequate to the exigencies of government, and the 
preservation of the Union. All the states complied with 
this recommendation, except Rhode-Island, when a new 
federal constitution was adopted by the people of the Uni- 
ted States, and a new Congress met in the city of New- 
York, iMarch 3d, 1789. 

The lears which had been entertained by many,respec- 
ting the operation of the federal constitution, were dispel- 
led, as they found that the government had been struggling 
to restore the public credit, and to establish a system of 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 127 

equal laws and justice. Measures so strongly marked 
with wisdom and jufstice, served to conciliate the public 
mind, and to bring the strength of the state to act with 
vigor and union in support of the federal system. 

The ancient controversy with New-York was still un-- 
settled. However, the idea of subduing Vermont by force' 
or policy was abandoned by that state, and she well knew 
that Vermont was, and would remain, free and independ- 
ent. The only matters of dispute now agitated were the 
title to certain tracts of land, which were granted by the 
governors to individuals. These lands, by means of the 
growing settlements and wealth of Vermont, had become 
very valuable. The legality of these grants had been uni- 
formly denied, and- all submission to the acts of the legis- 
lature of New-York, refused by the government of Ver- 
mont. The grantees of New-York kept complaining of 
the injustice done them, in not being allowed the posses- 
sion of their property. Endeavors were made to compro- 
mise the difficulty, but without success,- New-York con- 
sidered themselves under no obligation to refund to indi- 
viduals, that which the state had no hand in granting, but 
was simply the act of the crown, executed by the will of 
the royal governors, usually for the benefit of friends, or 
personal profit, but never for the advantage of the govern- 
ment or people. 

Circumstances at length occurred which mitigated the 
asperity of feelings that New-York had so generally 
indulged toward Vermont.. The permanent seat of the 
federal government was a very desirable acquisition for 
the rival cities, New-York and Philadelphia, which after 
repeated trials, was fixed by a small majority at the latter 
place. The exclusion of Vermont from a representation 
in Congress, operated very much to the disadvantage of 
New-York, in the removal of the seat of the general gov- 
ernment. Interest in the case called loudly for some 
measure to be taken for uniting Vermont with the confed- 
erated States. Accordingly on the 13th of July, 1789, 
commissioners were appointed by New-York, with plen- 
ary powers to acknowledge the independence of Vermont 
and adjust all difficulties with the same. Vermont also, 
on the 23d of October, 1789, appointed commissioners to 



128 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

remove every obstruction to her connection with the Uni- 
ted States. After much debate among the commission^' 
ers, relating to a compensation for the lands claimed by 
the citizens of New-York, which had been re-granted by 
the authority of Vermont, the matter was brought to a just 
and amicable settlement. 

The commissioners for New-York, on the Tth of Oc- 
tober, 1790, by virtue of the power granted to them, '* de- 
clared the consent of the legislature of New- York that the 
state of Vermont be admitted intotheUnion of the United 
vStates of America, and that immediately all claims of ju- 
risdiction of the state of New-York shall cease, and 
thenceforth the perpetual boundary line betweer* the states 
of New-York and Vermont, shall be,- as was then, and is 
now, holden by Vermont." The legislature of Vermont 
accepted the proposals of New-York, and paid them thir- 
ty thousand dollars on the 1st day of June, 1794, for their 
acquittance to all rights and titles of land in the state of 
Vermont. All the grants, charters, find patents of land, 
lying within the state of Vermont, made by and under the 
late colony of New-York, v/ere declared null and void, 
those only excepted which had been made in confirmation 
of the grants of New-Hampshire. 

In this amicable way the controversy between New- 
York and Vermont was settled, which had been agitated 
with great animosity for twenty-six years. The contest 
had become irksome to both parties, and fortunately foF 
them the general state of American at^Virs was such as 
led to a wise and equitable adjustment of the controversy. 
After the ditnculties with New-York were removed, 
the assembly proceeded to call a convention of the people, 
to see if they would connect themselves with the federa- 
tion. At a convention, holden at Bennington, the subject 
of the proposed union was discussed ; when some of the 
members urged that it would be more for the interest and 
safety of the State, to defer the question for future consid- 
eration, but a large majority were of the opinion that tho 
matter could not be suspended without prejudicing the 
prosperity of the State. On submitting the subject to the 
members, it was decided, by a majority of one hundred 
and five to two, in favor of the union. The general as- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 129 

sembly met at Bennington on the tenth of January, and 
elected ?4athaniel Chipman and Lewis R. Morri^s com- 
missioners to attend <'/ongress and negotiate the admission 
of Vermont into the Union — Vermont was therefore by the 
unanimous act of Congress, admitted into union with the 
States, on the ISth of February, 1781. During the first 
part of the controversy, there was no settled form of gov- 
ernment : the people transacted their business in town 
meetings, by leadera and officers and committees appoint- 
ed or submitted to by general consent. The struggle 
with New- York constantly agitated the minds of the set- 
tlers, with the most violent and uncomfortable passions. 
However, but one instance of bloodshed occurred dur- 
ing the quarrel, and that took place at Westminster, 
the 13th of March, 1775— Mr. French was shot through 
the body in the court-house. A contrariety of claims at 
this period proved very detrimental to the progress of set- 
tling the country. Some cases of personal violence were 
offered, which presented a very serious aspect. A con- 
stable under tlie authority of Vermont, had arrested 
one of the inhabitants of Chesterfreld, in New-Hamp- 
shire, who still adhered to the jurisdiction of that 
State. He denied his authority, and was assisted by an 
officer in New-Hampshire to resist the execution of his 
precept. This officer and his coadjutor were taken and im- 
prisoned by the constable of Vermont. Orders were then 
given by the government of New-Hampshire, to call out 
the militia and liberate the imprisoned sheriff by force. — 
The executive of Vermont despatched three agents to 
Exeter, to settle the matter with the government of New- 
Hampshire. One of these was a sheriff of Vermont, 
whom by way of retaliation, they immediately imprisoned 
at Exeter. Alarmed at this approach of hostilities, the 
government of each state was obliged to interpose to pre- 
vent more violenf measures, which threatened to burst in-» 
to a civil commotion. In 1784, the secretary of Vermont 
was taken in the city of New-York, on account of political 
management in Vermont. The subject was brought be- 
fore tlie legislature, and they resolved to make a reprisal of 
so much land belonging to the citizens of New-York, in 
the limits of Vermont, as would sell for money enough to 



130 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

make restitution to their secretary for all the losses which 
niisht be sustained on account of his arrest in Nesv-York. 

The people of Amerix^a showed by their forbearance, a 
great unwillingness to proceed to the sad extremity of em- 
broiling themselves in the horrors of civil war. On the 
contrary, amidst the greatest animosity and personal re- 
sentment, they united with the utmost vigor against the 
insolence and power of Great-Britain, to secure the inde- 
pendence of their country. They, however, ran into some 
very great errors and mistakes on other points. Had the 
government of NewY'ork been contented with the exer- 
cise of jurisdictional authority over the territory of Ver- 
mont, without regranting their lands which they obtained 
from another power and improved with much hardship, 
there would have been no trouble or controversy between 
the states. But when she proceeded on this business, 
the proprietors would not acquiesce in their imperious de- 
mands. The settlers did right in opposing those acts of 
oppression, committed under the ostentatious authority of 
the king, the law, and the government of New-York. — 
They felt as though those rights which they held in com- 
mon with all mankind, were of higher authority than the 
variable decisions of the British King, or the rapacious 
views of a provincial governor and council. The union 
with a part of New-Hampshire was ill-judged policy, and 
operated very much to the prejudice of Vermont. And 
the attempt of New-Hampshire and New-York, to divide 
Vermont between them, was a sufficient justification for 
euch an act retributive of justice. 

The royal decision, made in 1774, gave New-York ju- 
risdiction over the whole territory of Vermont. The set- 
tlers acquiesced in this disposition of their rights, until 
they were dispossessed or ejected from their lands. They 
then applied themselves to the business of establishing a 
government and forming laws to regulate the whole affairs 
of the State. Ordinary perseverance, talents and enter- 
prise could never have sustained them against the over- 
powering influence, numbers and wealth of their enemies. 
The claim of New-Hampshire to the whole state of Ver- 
laoat, was very impolitic, having no color or shadow of 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 131 

title, they could not expect to establish an ownership to 
any part, upon rules of justice. 

How far it was necessary or equitable for Congress to 
adopt an erasive policy, under the peculiar circumstances 
of the country, would be difficult for those unacquainted 
with public affairs at that time, to determine. It was one 
great object with the government to unite the States, and 
prevent contention, from disturbing the common cause- 
All parties seemed to be rather displeased with the meas- 
ures respecting the controversy of Vermont with New- 
York and New-Hampshire, than satisfied : — Such was 
their uncertainty, their contradictory and evasive meas- 
ures, that when the dangers occasioned by the war, were 
removed, the people of Vermont had very little to desire, 
or inclination to be connected with Congress. It was not 
until more steadiness, vigor and ability appeared in the 
federal government, that the people were willing to be 
brought into the American union. 



CHAPTER VI, 



A Sketch of Politics from the year 1791 to the American 
Embargo in X'SQS.^^Prosperity of Vermont on her iiniori 
with the States,— r- Annual proceedings oftheLegidature 
of the State. — Effect of the Revolution in France upon 
the policy of this country. — Resignation and death of 
Governor Chittenden. — Mr. Tichenor elected Govern-: 
or. — His proceedings. — Civil affairs of the State^ and 
measures pursued by the General Assembly at Ver- 
gennes, Windsor^ Middlebury, Newbury., Burlington, 
Westminster, Windsor, Rutland, Danville, Middltbu- 
ry, and Woodstock, embracing a period of eleven years 
from 1793 to 1S08. — Outrage committed by the British 
ship Leopard upon the United States frigate Chesa^ 
peake, 

A season of peace, when the rage of controversy and 
the calamities of war had passed from the council and 
fields of the nation, was very welcome and propitious to 



132 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the pursuit of private business and the prosecution of pub- 
lic affairs. The federal and state government were both 
conducted by individuals in whose talents and virtues the 
people of Vermont had the utmost confidence and faith.- 
(rovernor Chittenden, as a magistrate and as a man, had 
long been endeared to the affections of his acquaintances 
and the state ; his manners were easy and familiar, and char- 
acteristics, such as a new state required. The only re- 
quisition for the security and advancement of the people, 
was the improvement ol' tliose natural and civil advanta- 
ges, which were already in their ))ossession. J\o subject 
of political consequence offered any great temptation lo 
the people. The appointment of Councillors was not of 
sufficient importance to make it a matter of much emula- 
tion and striie. The only chance for ambition and in- 
trigue w^as in the appointment of civil officers, which was 
generally decided in a short time without much election- 
eering or management. These matters were generally 
determined on the first week of the legislature ; at^ter that 
the greater portion of the time w as occupied in granting 
new townships, laying out roads, authorizing a tax for 
annual expenses of government, and enacting such laws 
as the local circumstances or particular situation of indi- 
viduals, or towns, or the state might require. About four 
weeks was generally spent in the business of legislation. 
While the Americans were enjoying under a government 
of their own choice, the blessings of independence and 
freedom, the French nation, by whose assistance these 
privileges had been obtained, were suffering all the mise- 
ries of anarchy. They, however, arose in the majesty of 
their physical strength, with a determination to l3e freed 
from those institutions which originated in times of igno- 
rance and barbarism. Before the energetic exertions of 
tlie people, prompted by enthusiasm, and directed by fatal 
skill, their ancient government crumbled to the dust. — 
Passing from a state of slavery to one of entire liberty, 
their conduct was marked with the most shocking exces- 
ses. In the heat of their zeal to accomplish a revolution, 
they not only put down the monarch, the nob'lity and the 
church ; but considered that perfection could be given to 
republicanism by destroying churches of public worship 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 133 

and matrimonial obligations. They praised the Ameri- 
can discovery of true liberty, but boasted that it was re- 
served for them to carry freedom to a slate of perfectibil- 
ity. Its accomplishment, however, was babed upon the 
destruction of all former attachments to the ancient cus- 
toms and habits, and upon the absolute denial of the ex. 
istence and perfections of Deity. Youthful ignorance 
and passions were enlisted in tavor of the doctrine bv 
treating the affection and chastity of the sexes as a mat- 
ter of ridicule and I'olly, and the inclinations of the licen- 
tious were engaged to set aside at the option of either par- 
ty, all the vows and obligations that had been connected 
with the institution and laws of marriage. "All that had 
acquired and claimed respect, on account of its antiquity, 
universality or supposed sanctity, was attempted to be 
destroyed, and reason, the perfectibility of man, and the 
clamors of the mob," were regarded and asserted to be 
the true and only divinity of Heaven. 

Some of the principal causes v.-hich led to the French 
revolution were the progress of philosophy, the ditfusion 
of general knowledge, and the freedom of examining sub- 
jects of government and religion. The views and feel- 
ings in favor of liberty elicited by the American revolu- 
tion, and disseminated on the return of the French officerR 
and troops from the United States, the despotism of the 
government, the discontent among the great mass of co.t;- 
munity on account of their oppressed condition, and the 
derangement of their finances were also among other 
causes which revolutionized the ancient government of 
r ranee. 

The people of the United States were, from principle, 
almost universally in favor of this overturn in their gov- 
ernment, and most of them thought it would produce a 
more perfect system of government than that in America. 
But when the principles of virtue and common sense were 
deserted for impossibility and folly, the Americans became 
decided in their views and feelings. Some of them wish- 
ed to adopt the French doctrines of freedom and perfect- 
ibility, but others were fearful of the experiment, and 
chose to remain within the limits of their own experience 
and government. The people of Vcrmont,and so through 

12 



134 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the United States, on embracing such views and senti- 
ments, became separated into parties, one of which wished 
to increase and strengthen the powers ot'the federal Con- 
stitution, and the other desired that more weight of gov- 
ernment should be pkiced at the disposal of the people. — 
Thus, parties of different pl-inciples arose, both wishing td 
alter the federal constitution, the one by adding, and the 
other by diminishing the powers assigned to the President 
and Senate of the United States. 

The manner of conducting public business, at the Gen- 
eral Assembly, had a great effect in checking the growth 
of faction and party spirit. No speech was made by Gov- 
ernor Chittenden at the opening of the legislature, of 
course there was no opportunity for intrigue and contro- 
versy, in furnishing a reply. After completing the appoint- 
ments of civil officers, nothing more was necessary to be 
accomplished, than to proceed with the usual business of 
the State, which rarely presented matters of much inter- 
est to those ambitious of political distinction and power. 

When peace and intelligence prevail, the opportunity is 
presented and often improved of accomplishing some wise 
and judicious undertaking. Such a season ensued, and 
the legislature of the State improved it in reducing the 
statutes of Vermont to a concise and well arranged code. 
The supervision of the work was refered to a committee 
appointed for that purpose, and a faithful and judicious 
system of laws v/ere compiled for the internal regulation 
of the state. The laws of Vermont have been so altered, 
revised and repealed, that the code then established has 
almost passed from the statute book. The whole system 
was compiled and arranged in 1807; in 1816 the public 
acts up to that period, were compiled in a separate vol- 
ume, and again in 1821, the statute was arranged, and such 
parts of it as was inoperative and obsolete were left out of 
the text. Law making has been a source of much per- 
plexity to legislators, jurists, and the people ; but for dem- 
agogues and partisans, it has furnished a fair opportunity 
for displaying their consequence and obtaining offices of 
power. 

1797. This year was memorable for the resignation 
and death of Mr. Chittenden, the first Governor of Ver- 



History of Vermont. 135 

mont, and one of the earliest settlers in the northern part 
of the vState. Among those who, in the new and unorgan- 
ized territory of Vermont, contribuied to the establishment 
of American independence, the organization and ultimate 
acknowledgement of the privileges of this State, no one 
was more active than Governor Chittenden. He was a 
native of Guilford, Connecticut, but removed in early life 
to Salisbury, where he was elected to a seat in the legisla- 
tive councils of that State, and also received other civil 
and military appointments. In the year 1773, he purchas- 
ed a tract of land on Onion river, removed his family and 
commenced a settlement, when there was scarce a family 
or any roads in that part of the State. Soon after he be- 
gan his settlement, the war of the American revolution 
commenced. Tlie inhabitants of the infant settlements, 
ignorant of the measures which the Indians would pursue, 
and unable to protect their defenceless habitations, remov- 
ed to the more settled parts of New-England. Mr. Chit- 
tenden left his farm and removed to Arlington. More ac- 
quainted with public business than most of the settlors, he 
became the principal conductor of their councils and do* 
bates. To the transactions of New-York, concerning the 
title of their lands, he was early and strenuously opposed, 
and become'one of the most influential members of the 
convention. The American war, which distressed and 
endangered every portion of the country, convinced him 
that an opportunity would present itself for terminating 
their controversy, by declaring their independence and es- 
tablishing anew State, in this disputed territory. Pursu- 
ing this firm and decisive plan of policy, he at length had 
the pleasure of seeing it embraced by the inhabitants and 
acknowledged by the federal government. His prudence 
and information secured him the highest delegations of 
power, which he always exercised to the advantage and 
satisfaction of the people. He was u firm and consistent 
friend of liberty. In difficulties, he did not hesitate, and 
in want, he failed not in the resources of contrivance. — 
The inhabitants of the New-Hampshire grants elected 
liim with others, in 1775, to take the ad\ice of Congress, 
upon the subject of the affairs. Two years after he was 
chosen President of the council of safety, the only species 



133 HISTORY OF VERMOxNT. 

of government that was known in tiiis district. This tri- 
bunal exercised the functions belonging to the three of 
powers which in the consternation of that period was al- 
most unmanageable with perplexities and care. On the 
declaration of the independence of A^ermont, Mr. Chitten- 
den was called to the executive, branch of the government, 
and so continued, for nineteen years, to fill by annual ap- 
pointments, this important station, until he declined are- 
election. From his acquaintance with the character of 
tiie people and his judgment matured by observation and 
experience, he appeared to be better qualified for.a gover- 
nor of this State, than one more skilled in theoretical 
knowledge, or possessed of more jjolite accomplishments. 
He died on the 25th of August, 1797, in the 68tli year of 
his age. In life he was sincerely esteemed, and his death 
was universally lamented by his friends, acquaintances 
and the people of the State. Concerning his character, it 
may justly be said that he was intelligent, upright, and un- 
ostentatious, open hearted and liheral, -the stranger and 
unfortuna^o had tree access to his friendship and the boun- 
ties of his fortune. 

On the demise of GovernorChittenden politicians found 
new motives, for their appearance and exertions, and still 
more so on the resignation of President Washington. — - 
Mr. Adams, the successor to the Presidency, was openly 
opposed to the principles of the French revolution, which 
occasioned dissatisfaction among a large portion of com- 
munity. Restraints incident to feelings of respect for the 
great and good had now somewhat abated in the public 
excitement. New parties, styled Federal and Republican, 
appeared, and each exerted themselves to secure the elec^ 
tion of a governor of their political sentiments. The le- 
gislature met at Windsor, and no choice was made of a 
<jovernor by the people. Judge Tichenor had a i)lurality 
of votes, and was afterwards constitutionally elected by 
the legislature with a very large majority. The practice 
of making a speech at the opening of the legislature waa 
adopted by the new Governor. He asserted that the 
state and federal constitutions were founded upon republi- 
can principles, and that Washington's administration just- 
ly merited the highest approbation. "ThTj known expe- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 137 

rience, firmness and integrity of those'who are placed at 
the head of its administration, he adds, ought to inspire us 
with a proper degree of confidence in future," alluding to 
those measures which Mr. Adams was pursuing. 

An answer to the speech was returned, containing the 
following sentiment : — "We are not disposed to call in 
question the wisdom or integrity of those who have been 
concerned in the administration of the general govern- 
ment, nor to withhold our confidence where it ought to 
be inspired by your wisdom and energy in every measure 
which in our opinion will secure and promote national 
prosperity." A degree of decorum was kept up in con- 
ducting the public business. — The acrimony and fierce- 
ness of party spirit had not assumed a very formidable 
front, and the business proceeded on without the sarcasm 
and bitterness of faction. Abilities and moral virtue, 
rather than political opinions, seem to have been the stand- 
ards for civil appointments. The federalists, though there 
was decidedly a majority in the house, still they appear- 
ed to be fearful about their numbers and anxious to pre- 
serve their popularity and power. 

1798. Governor Tichenor was re-elected this year by 
a very large majority, and the session of the legislature 
was holden at Vergennes. The whole community was 
now agitated with the revolutionary excitements of the 
French — illuminated rcvison had in that government dis- 
pelled by its brilliancy all civil rights and moral obliga- 
tions. The vilest depravity and guilt was concealed un- 
der the mask of liberty. Violent depredations had been 
committed upon the American commerce, our ambassa- 
dors were refused admission to the performance of their 
appointed services, and under the name of a loan the 
French government was demanding a tribute. These 
proceedings and claims of France received the decided 
disapprobation of the President, and a proper degree of 
resentment from the American people. The spirit of par- 
ty appeared to be extinguished. *' Millions for defence, 
not a cent for tribute," resounded through every part of 
the Union. Congress declared that the treaty of alliance 
with France was broken and no longer in force. Letters 
o( marque ^nd reprisal were granted for capturing the 
12* 



im HISTOKY OF \ EKMUi\T. 

anued vessels of France. Provisions were made for raiV 
ing a small force of regulars, and in case of necessity, tor 
increasing tUe number. Additional duties and a direct 
tax were laid upon the domestic trade and permanent 
property of the people. 

At the meeting of the legislature the conduct and de- 
mands of tb.e French nation Mere elaborately described 
in the speech of the governor, while the strongest confi- 
dence and adherence was expressed towards the federal 
government. Such views taken upon the subject were 
very congenial to the feelings of the house, who in their 
answer to the governor, declared they could not close it, 
without expressing their entire approbatfon of his admin- 
istration for the first year, and their sincere wishes that hi» 
usefulness might be continued to the country. 

An address to the President of the United States was pre- 
pared, by a committee appointed for that purpose, and passed 
in the house by a vote of 129 to 23. Thcmap.agenient of 
the French was treated upon with extreme severiiy, and if 
necessity required, their readiness to engage in a war^ 
with that nation, was announced in tiie most decisive 
terms. Mr.Adams' administration was highly commended 
in t'ne following sentiment : — " Permit us to add assuran- 
ces of our personal respect — while we honor you as our 
Chief Magistrate, we respect you as a man, and it is to 
your glorywe can say,we regard John Adams because wo 
lv3ve our country." 

While an overwhelming mnjority of the Assembly were 
opposed to the partisans of democracy, and no fears en- 
tertained that the etate would soon favor such doctrines, a 
kind of proscription was introduced in making out their 
civil appointments. Judges and other officers of the gov- 
ernment were displaced for no other reason than the sin 
of admiring the principles of the French revolution. And 
they also meant to carry their proceedings so far,as to in- 
timidate others t>om appearing in opposition to the state 
and federal governments. 

After the llame of party teelings had subsided, the an- 
nual business of the state was taken up. An application 
from certain Indian Chiefs, living in Canada, come be-^ 
fore the legislature, demanding a compensation for a large 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 130 

tract of land, claimed by them, and lying in the present 
limits ot" Vermont. Their petition on the subject was ad- 
dressed to the Governor of the State, in the followini^ 
style : — 

Great Brother — "V/e the Chiefs and counsellors of the 
Seven Nations of Lower Canada, send our res[5ect to yoa 
and your family, by five of our agents, whom we have sent 
to you to treat about our hunting lands that lie in your 
State. Ueginninor on the east side of Ticonderoga, from 
thence to Great P'alls on Otter Creek, and continue on 
tlie same course to the height of land that divides the 
Btreams between lake Champlain, and the river Connect- 
icut, from thence along the height of land that divides 
Missisque bay, and down that bay. This is the land be- 
longing to the seven nations which we have sent to settle 
for, with you, as we have settled with New-York." — 
Twenty Chiefs of different nations signed this applicatiou 
OP. the 29th of September, 179S. 

The committee appointed by the legislature to investi- 
gate the facts relative to the Indian claims, reported that 
they had a claim to the above described tract o.'land br 
an agreement entered into by other aboriginal nations of 
this country, and whether tliat claim had been extinguish- 
ed by purchase, conquest, dereliction of occupancy, or in 
any other way, they cannot ascertain. And further, that 
whatever validity there may be to the claim, tlie authori- 
ty to which they applied for an adjustment, have not the 
power to enter upon a necrntiation of the kind, but it be- 
longs exclusively to the IJnited States. Tiie committee 
advised the governor to obtain from New- York all the 
iuformation-he could, respecting a similar claim in that 
jjtAte, and that he would cause a present not exceeding one 
hundred dollars to be given them as a token of friendship 
from tiieir brethren of Vermont. 

The Indian Chiefs receiving one hundred dollars in such 
presents as were pleasing, and their maintenance, wliilo 
they remained paid for by the state, departed well pleased 
with their reception, hoping that the game would prove 
&till better another season. 

A proposal for amending the federal constitution came 
forward from the state of Massachusetts, at this session 



140 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

of the legislature. The purport of which was that no per- 
son should be eligible for President or Vice President of 
the United States, except a natural born citizen, or one 
who had been a resident in the United States at the dec- 
laration of Independence and should have continued to 
reside in the same, or to be employed in its service from 
that period to the time of his election. This was so agree- 
able to the sentiment of the assembly, that the amendment 
was adopted by 152 against five. On examining the pro- 
ceedings of the legislature, it is unpleasant to observe 
how soon the influence of irritated feelings prompt men to 
lay aside moral principles, and thus become misguided in 
their public and private conduct. Whenever a particular 
administration is taken as a standard for the necessary 
qualifications to civil office, the way is opened for intol- 
erance, controversy, and dismission from office. If the 
party in power hesitated not to avow and justify prescrip- 
tive measures of policy, the same kind of proceeding is as 
right and proper whenever the administration falls into 
the hands of their opponents. *' And thus a system of po- 
litical oppression and persecution would commence, de- 
pending altogether upon a majority and the power of the 
prevailing faction, which is wholly at variance with mor- 
al principle or character, with justice and equity, the ne- 
cessary qualification or the faithful discharge of the duties 
of office.'' 

In reply to the address of the Vermont legislatnre,which 
was the first attempt of the kind ever made by the state, 
Mr. Adams remarked : — "Knowing as I do your origin, 
your progress, and the brave, hardy, industrious and tem- 
perate character of the people, the approbation of their 
representatives, their attachment to the constitutions, and 
determination to support the Administration, are the mgre 
to be esteemed." 

1799. The government of the state was convened at 
Windsor in October, 1799. The feelings of the people 
were still highly incensed against the proceedings of the 
French. A check had been given to the rapacity of their 
privateers, by the energetic measures of M r. Adams. The 
message of Governor Tichenor contained sentiments of 
the highest respect and attachment towards the chief exec- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. Ml 

ulive of the Union, for the patriotic energy ofthe national 
administration. The measures and sentinients of tiie gov- 
ernor were higlily applaiulod by the assembly. They de- 
clared tlieir confidence in him increased as the wealth and 
prosperity ot* the state advanced. The people were now 
improvingr in their moral virtues, the sci-ence of govern- 
ment, habits of industry, and conciliation of feelings. In 
the appointment of civil officers, which is the most apt of 
any thing to agitate a popular assembly, those displaced 
in the preceding year were not re-elected, but more cau- 
tion was used in selecting the sacrifices. 

The at^air concerning the death of one John Gregg* 
who had been arrested within the bounds of Canada, by 
individuals from Vermont, and was drowned in lake 
Champlain, while in their keeping, gave rise to a very se- 
rious difllculty. Indictments were tbund against them at 
the court of criminal jurisdiction in Montreal, and a de- 
mand was made by the executive of Canada upon the gov- 
ernment, for the surrender of those indicted for the sup- 
posed murder. But happily for the credit of both coun- 
tries, the matter was satisfactorily adjusted; and so high 
a sense was entertained of governor Tichenor's services 
on the occasion, that a resolution was passed, approving 
of his conduct, and requesting him to inform the govern- 
or of Canada that they entejtained "a very high sense 
of the liberal, candid and delicate manner in which that 
unhappy affair had from its commencement to its termina- 
tion been treated by his predecessor and himself. Their 
conduct, when our sense thereof is known to our tcilow 
citizens, must tend to increase the j<eneral desire for the 
continuation of a mutual, a free and amicable intercourse 
with the country over which he presides." 

The governor at this session communicated to the as- 
sembly the result of his enquiries relative to the Indian 
claims to lands in Vermont, which were as follows : The 
Indians now presenting their claim to lands in Vermont, 
anciently belonged to the confederacy of the Five Nations, 
which confederacy, or some tribe of them, might onco 
have been the proprietors to the lands now claimed. On 
the breaking out of some former war between the French 
and English, while this country was under the govern- 



142 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ment of Great-Britain, it appears that these Indians, cal- 
led the Cog-nah-wag-has, separated from the confederacy, 
removed into Canada, placed themselves under the pro- 
tection of the French, and united their fortunes with tho 
king of France, in his war with the English. The subju-- 
gallon of the French and their allies in this country, and 
in Canada, by the arms of tlie English, passed this terri- 
tory into the hands of the latter, by right of conquest. — 
That when this country was invaded by the king of Eng- 
land, in 1775, these Indians were his allies, and thereby 
rendered themselves and their interest liable to its conse- 
quences. All the lands south of Canada line being ceded 
by treaty to the American government, the Indian claims 
were of course extinguished by this act. The comniitteo 
raised by the legislature on this subject, coincided in opin- 
ion with the governor, that their claim, if it ever did ex- 
ist, had long since been done away and become extinct, 
in consequence of the treaty of peace, in 1763, between 
the English and French sovereigns, and the treaty be- 
tween Grp.at-13ritain and the United States, of which Ver- 
mont was a part, in 1733. 

The passions of the assembly were most of all engaged 
and agitated about certain resolutions which had been 
passed by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky. — 
The government of the Unitpd States was highly alarm- 
ed at the jE^reat influx of emigrants, from France and other 
parts of Europe, uniting with the exertions of those citi- 
zens of the union whose political sentiincnts very much 
favored the principles and measures of the French, that 
they would involve the country in serious difficulties, and 
become dangerous and troublesome to the union. To 
guard against suchevlls,the President of the United States 
gave his signature to two acts, which were considered by 
those who were then called democrats, as dangerous to, 
if not subversive of the constitutional liberty of America. 
One of these, termed the alien law, empowered the Presi- 
dent lo direct aliens, whom he should judge dangerous to 
the peace and liberty of the country, to withdraw from the 
United States, on the pain of imprisonment. The other, 
the sedition law, defined the crime and punishment of re- 
viling the Chief Magistrate, or other officers of the fed- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 143 

eral government, and imposed a heavy fine and imprison- 
ment for years on those who should conjbine or conspire 
together, to oppose any measure of the government, and 
should write, print either or publiwh any false, scandalous 
and miilicious writing, against any otficfir of the general 
government. Great use was made of these acts by those 
in the southern States, who were unfriendly to Mr.Adama' 
adiviinistration, and were wishing to prevent his re-elec- 
tion to the presidency. Nothing less can be said of their 
deserting a man so distinguished as Mr. Adams for his 
political experience, his talents, and the important service? 
he had rendered to his country, in the revolutionary con- 
test, than this, that the people discovered how jealous they 
were of the liberty they had obtained, and how resolutely 
determined they were to dt^fend it from every possible dan- 
ger. But, whatever .might have been their object, the 
States of Virginia and Kentucky passed a number of un- 
common resolutions, disapproving the proceedings of 
Congress, in the passage of the alien and sedition bills, 
and proceeding so far in opposition as to make the State 
authoritjl^s judges of the legality of the acts of Congress, 
and of the obligation any state was under, to obey them. 
On the reception of these resolutions, a majority of the 
members of the legislature considered them higldy dan- 
gerous to the principles on which the general government 
of the States was first formed, and in their tendency, de- 
signed to lessen the powers of the federal, and increase 
those of the State governments. Such feelings and ap- 
prehensions invited discussion and opposition to the reso- 
lutions. Some of the most pointed parts in their answers 
were, that *' the general assembly of Vermont do highly 
disapprove of the resolutions of the legislature of Virginia, 
ns unconstitutional in their nature, and dangerous in their 
tendency, and that the power of deciding upon the con- 
stitutionality of the laws belonged exclusively to the 
United States courts, not to the State legislatures." — 
In answer to one of the resolutions from Kentucky, where 
it is asserted, "that confidence is every where the parent 
of despotism, free government is founded in jealousy and 
not in confidence" : this, they declare, is a sentiment pal- 
pably erroneous, and hostile to the social nature of man. 



lU HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

The experience of nges evinces the reverse is true, and 
that jealousy is the meanest passion of narrow minds, and 
tends to despotism ; and that honesty always begets con- 
fidence, while those who are dishonest themselves are 
most apt to suspect others. 

A majority of one third of the members in the legisla- 
ture of V^ermont viewed these resolutions as highly arro- 
gant in chiitn and prejudicial in their tendency to the fed- 
eral government. The minority, however, were not con- 
tented or silent. They entered their protest upon the 
journals of the house, calculating by this to exhibit senti- 
ments of stronger attachment to tiie principles of republi- 
canism and the powers of the individual states, than the 
resolutions of the house hiad expressed. 

An amendment to tlie federal constitution was propos-. 
ed to the legislature, that the electors should in future dis- 
tinguish in their votes which candidate was voted for as 
president, and which as vice president. This nlieration 
of the constitution was considered at that time rather as a 
matter ofoxpediency than of political. principles, whirh ai\ 
terwards became a subject of serious debr.te. A resolution 
was enacted, requesting the members of the senate and 
house of representatives in Congress to use their best en- 
deavors that Congress should propose to the legislatures 
of the several states so to amend the Coi-*tit'jtion of the 
United States tiiat the electors of president and vice 
•president shall respectively distinguish the person de- 
signed for president from the one for vice president, hy 
annexing tlie appellation of office to the name voted for. 
91 federalists voted in the athrmative, and those of the oth- 
er 42 voted in the negative. The number of republican 
votes raised in opposition to these political measures, 
showed very considerable increase since their last ses- 
bion at Vergennes. 

On the Mth of December, 1799, General Washington, 
the illustrious FATHER and benefactor of this country, 
expired, after an illness of one day only. Intelligence of 
this event produced deep, unatiected and spontaneous grief, 
every thought was absorbed in sorrow, and every feeling 
Btung with anguish at this melancholy event. 

In the year 1800, political irritation and resentment 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 145 

eccined to have somewhat subsided, when the Icgisjaturo 
convened at Middlehury. The ussial topics of State affairs 
were urged upon the attention of the a^isombly, in tho 
apeech of the Governor, and the administration of the for- 
mer presidents was a})proved as containing the measures 
of policy wliich ought to be pursued. An answer from 
the house was returned, expressive of the difficulties of 
legislation, the temptations of passion and interest, and 
the importance of honest and enlightened principles were 
rendered more important by the errors which had attended 
the violation of them in Europe. 1'he sentiments expres- 
sed on this subject discover a devotion of the legislature to 
the doctrines of federalism. "Tliankfnl to Heaven for th.e 
blessings we have enjoyed under the a<!minisiration of a 
Wasliington and Adams, we devoutly implore the same 
wisdoui, goodness and power to direct our elections and 
our governments, and to banish from us forever calumny 
and detraction. '^ The violence of party spirit h.ad dc" 
ecended from the practice of dictatiou to tlie mitigating 
work of re-appointing those to civil ofi:ices who were dis- 
placed at Vergennes, in 1798. 

As the election of the President and Vice-President was 
Boon to take place, the republicans obtained leave to bring 
in a bill for having the State divided into districts, and the 
choice of the electors given to the people — presuming 
that this metliod of electoral appointments, would prove 
more favorable to the interest of Mr. Jefferson, than an 
election by the general assembly. This question fully 
tested the strength and feelings of the parties, which was, 
after lengthy discussion^;, rejected by a majority of 22. — 
The proceedings of the federal government, irj passing the 
etamp act, the land tax, the alien and sedition laws, and 
the expenditure of money for building a navy, and for oth- 
er purposes, alledged to be impolitic or useless, had di- 
minished the popularity of Mr. Adams' administration in 
the minds of many, and proved unfavorable to the advance- 
ment of federalism. I'he Indians were informed at this 
session, that the legislature had decided againnt the jus- 
tice or equity of their claims, and that no more meney 
would be given them for their right to any lands in Ver- 
mont, or to defray their expenses in attending any future 



146 HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

legislature. Early attention was given by the assembly to 
the encouragement of education. A university was foun- 
ded at Burlington, in 1791, but had not, according to ex- 
pectation, gone into operation; and after much debate and 
reasoning upon the subject, a college was granted this year 
at Middlebury. A school, under very prosperous circum- 
stances, had been established at Middlebury, which, by 
act of incorporation, was made the foundation of the col- 
legiate institution. The opinion then advanced appears 
to have proved true, that the best way to encourage the 
cultivation of literature and the sciences in this State, was 
to favor those who would be at the expense and trouble 
of supporting such associations. The charter of incor- 
poration for establishing Middlebury college, was sustain-: 
ed by a majority of sixty-six votes. The powers and priv^ 
ileges, excepting in one or more instances, are such as are 
usually incident to universities and colleges. The power 
of administering oaths not at variance with the constitur 
tioa and laws of this State or of the United States, was 
granted to this institution. This was an unusual privilege 
for a corporation of this kind. No provision was inserted 
in the charter of Middlebury college, that it should not 
be under the direction of aey one particular religious sect 
or denomination, nor was there a clause to prevent the 
president and fellows from establishing any doctrine, opin- 
ions or denomination they should think proper. They have 
a right to appropriate the learning and honors of the college 
exclusively in favor of any denomination whom they choose, 
A bill was afterwards introduced to prohibit the leasing of 
any more land by the corporation of the university of Ver- 
mont, which was dismissed by a majority of fifty- four votes. 
1801. At this period, the election ot a president again 
recurred. The republican party had been gradually inr 
creasing ever since the adoption *of the constitution. A 
contest of unparalleled vigor had been maintained by the 
parties, now nearly equal. The federalists supported Mr. 
Adams and General Pinckney — the republicans supported 
Mr. Jefferson and Colonel Burr. A small majority of the 
electoral votes was received by the two latter; and as 
they received an equal number, the selection of one of 
^em to be the president, devolved upon the house of re? 



iilSTORY OF VERMONT. 147 

pfesenUitives. After thirty-five balloting^, Mr. Jeflersoa 
was chosen. Colonel Burr, receiving the voles of the 
federalists, lost the confidence of his former friends ; but 
by the provisions of the constitution, became vice-presi- 
dent of course. In taking upon himself the powers of gov- 
ernment, Mr. Jefferson's message, delivered to the senate 
and house of representatives, presented a very conciliato- 
ry aspect. Disclaiming principles of political intolerance, 
and urging those of candor and magnanimityj he declar- 
ed that a difference of political opinions was not a difier- 
ence of principles; and although there was so great a dif- 
ference of sentiment, with regard to the federal constitu- 
tion and government, *' We are (says he) all federalists — 
we are all republicans." As the federalists had been very 
boisterous in their declarations concerning the support and 
assistance which ought to be rendered to the federal gov- 
ernment, they could not consistently do otherwise than 
support Mr. Jefferson, who was constitutionally placed at 
the head of the nation. The other party, so anxious for 
his election, could not fail of supporting him, the favor- 
ite of their wishes and choice. In this state of things, both 
parties were anxiously waiting for the measures of the 
new president, who soon removed their doubts, by dis- 
placing the marshal and attorney of the district of Ver- 
mont, and filling their places with those who had advoca- 
ted difierent political sentiments. Changes of a similar 
kind were numerous in the other States, and with no oth- 
er reason for such proceedings than an opposition or at- 
tachment to the former or present president. It was now 
thought that the political sentiments of the chief mag- 
istrate and his party would be considered the necessary 
qualifications to office. 

In this state of public excitement, the legislature met 
at Newbury, in October, 1801. The manner in which the 
governor delivered his opinion upon the subject of appoint- 
ments to civil oflices, would lead to the conclusion that 
he had some doubts what measures to pursue, and what he 
had to expect from the tempers and feelings of the party 
which might prevail in the assembly. *' It cannot (says 
he) be necessary nor expedient to make that which the 
constitution contemplates as a very serious and important 



118 HISTORY OP VERMONT. 

duty, become a matter of party contondon or private in- 
terest. Individuals the best qualified Irom their experi- 
ence, honesty and information, should in all cases be pre- 
fered for offices of public trust." The majority of the as- 
sembly this year fell on the rep'iblican side. A committee 
of one federalist and two republicans was chosen to re- 
port a respectful address to his excellency. The compo- 
sition of this article was unfortunately committed to a 
draughtsman but poorly qualified to write an address, in 
style, it was rough and incorrect ; in compliments, awk- 
ward and disgusting; and in principle, it discovered an 
ostentatious atlectation for republicanism. A motion was 
made to have some of the most exceptionable expressions 
erased ; but the motion was lost, it being viewed as an at- 
tempt of the federalists to regain their influence and num- 
bers. Nothing more could be expected bv the federal- 
ists, from the violence of the measures pursued by them 
in 17C3, than that the republicans would avail themselves 
of their majority to displace them t>om office. The ap- 
pointments were made out according to the nomination of 
tiie particular counties, and the business of the State was 
attended to with diligence and tranquillity — without the 
appearance of partiality, discord, or the intrigues of fac- 
tion. The custom introduced by the federalists of ad- 
dressing the president, was considered nothing more than 
due respect to Mr. JelTerson, and much more on his intro- 
duction into office. An address therefore was prepared, 
containing professions of strong attachment to tlie consti- 
tution and administration of Mr. . Jefferson, and expressive 
of a desire that " no one description of citizens might ev- 
er be favored at the expense of the other.'' Amendments 
were proposed to certain portions of the address, by the 
federalists, which put in motion all the diiferent feelings 
and sentiments of the parties. Debates about improving 
upon certain words and phrases were protracted for tho 
epace of three days, and the votes were ten tin.es taken 
by yeas and nays. Their feelings becanie so exasperated 
that no opportunity was left for discernment or considerate 
thoughts. A large party would hear no reasons for amend- 
ments, but immediately decided every proposition by votes, 
and their zeal and heat became so great by repealed vo- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 119 

tings, that when a federal member moved to strike out the 
word unanimous, 78 voted that they were unanimous, and 
60 voted that they were not perfectly unanimous. At 
length the republicans, perceiving the folly which would 
attend their voting that they were unanimous, when their 
votes discovered the most violent contention and strife, 
moved the house to reconsider their decision on that ques- 
tion. After a reconsideration of the vote, the address 
was adopted, with some small corrections, by a majority 
of 27. **The proceedings of the house on this address, 
are a remarkable instance of the workings of resentment. 
How easily small objects may agitate the passions of a 
popular assembly, and when influenced by jealousy and 
intrigue, how incapable they are of commanding their 
reason, and amongst all other feelings to feel the passion 
of shame." 

In the ambulatory method of holding the sessions of 
the legislature, Burlington was selected as the place of 
location for 1802. As no subject ol high political dispute 
on matters of great interest were now before the public, a 
quiet session for this year, was anticipated. Mr. Tich- 
enor still carried the election by a very considerable ma- 
jority. The effects and change of party zeal, were men- 
tioned by him, in his annual communication to the legis- 
lative body. 

"One of the greatest misfortunes that attends a repub- 
lican government is the progress and violence of party 
spirit. Our beloved Washington, with all his moderation, 
wisdom and virtues, was not able to repress this destruc- 
tive spirit. We know that an independent love for his 
country, and a life devoted to its service, with the most 
upright intentions, did not shield him and his measures 
from its malignant effects. It existed in his day, and has 
progressed with time, and increased with violence until 
now." 

An answer,designed as a description of the feelings and 
views of a majority of the legislature, towards the govern- 
or, and of their opinions and sentiments, respecting the 
characters of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, was re- 
ported and put to the house for a passage. The increas- 
ing violence of party spirit was deplored, their wish to 
13* 



160 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

augment the strengtii and dignity oftheUnited Slates^anrl 
their hopes that all their public acts would conduce to the 
advantage of the state, were expressed. A change of 
eentiment appeared to have prevailed, when tlie answer 
was presented to the house. On taking the votes for ex- 
punging some parts of the composition of this article, 
eight only were opposed to its amendment. Several mem- 
bers, considering the production dishonorable and dis- 
graceful to the house, resolved not to be accountable for 
its passage. Whereupon fifty-nine of them entered their 
protest upon tlie journals of the legislature. 

The contention and recrimination attending (lie busi- 
ness of making addresses, had become so great, that one 
of the members gravely introduced a motion, recommend- 
ing in future, that the governor should not n)ake a formal 
speech, and assigiied for a reason, that an address and an- 
swer usually occupied a long time in useless debates, 
which delayed the more important business of legislation. 
J3ut the honors of office, and the importance to be deriv- 
ed by this privilege, gave the vote of the majorit) against 
this motion. 

Fortunately for the state, no otlier question was present- 
ed tliis session, calculated to enrage or disunite the feel- 
ings of the members. The elections to civil ofiices vera 
mostly from the republican party. However, a general 
plan of intolerance and dismission from oifice, on account 
of political opinions, did not seem to be intended or pursu- 
ed by the assembly. The customary business of the 
state was pursued with diligence, propriety, moderation, 
and wisdom, by the more judicious and useful members, 
who for several years past had chiefly obtained for the 
btate, the substantial benefits of society and civil govern- 
ment. 

In the succeeding year, 1S03, the assembly met at 
Westminster. The whole country was now greatly agita- 
ed by the controversies of the two great political parties. 
An increasing m:>jority was e\idently in favor of Mr. Jef- 
ferson's administration. 

The federalists, though lca^t in numbers, were power- 
ful in wealth and abilities, and had at their control most 
of tne money and commerce of the country. Every op- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 151 

portunity was sought by each party to strengthen and fa- 
vor tlicir own cause; but their calculations were not 
confined to the progress of events in America. Tlie vari- 
ations of European politics was expected to produce a 
change, wliich would soon place the balance of |)ower 
and popularity at the disposal of one of the contending 
parties. 

The election of President and Vice President was a 
matter of more immediate consequence, and one which 
would occur within the course of a year; and tiiough it 
was certain that Mr. Jelferson was in the favor of a major- 
ity of the people, yet the certainty of his election could by 
no means be calculated on. The votes being given with- 
out any designation, the highest number was taken for 
tlioseofthe Pfcsident, which mightin the event defeat the 
re-election of Mr. Jeflerson to the Presidential chair. It 
was feared that the federal and republican electors would 
vote tor Mr. Burr, the Vice President, and thus, obtain a 
majority of votes for President, contrary to the design of 
the republican electors. Two methods were suggested 
for preventiug the occurrence of such an eflbct. The one 
•was to destroy the popularity of Mr. I5urr with the people, 
and thus prevent his election to either otFice, and the oth- 
er was to have the constitution so altered that the name 
of the person voted for cither as President or Vice Pres- 
ident, should be expressed on the vote, which would pre- 
vent all manner of doubt or mistake. The principal re- 
publican members thought it best to avail lliemselves of 
both methods. 

Congress was convened by Mr. Jefferson at an earlier 
period than usual, to determine on the purchase of Loui8- 
iana,and also to attend on the business, as was understood, 
of altering the federal constitution, before the President- 
tial election took place. The legislature of Vermont as- 
sembled, and the business of the session was entered upon 
with a speech from the governor of a very conciliatory 
character. An answer, which occasioned no debate, was 
returned. In this they affirm that the business of the pres- 
ent session is viewed with anxious solicitude, and they 
wished to discharge the several duties assigned to them 
with candor, ability and promptness, and that their suifra- 



152 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ges might elevate to ofBce some of the wisest and best cit- 
izens of the state, and that their deliberations might re- 
sult in such measures as will promote the cause of pielj 
and virtue among them, and secure the great objects of 
justice. Before the appointment of civil offices was ta- 
ken up, party feelings and designs were not discoverable ; 
but when these came on for selection and choice, it was 
evident that the republicans meant to employ their major- 
ity to weaken and discourage their opposers. One Judge 
of the supreme court, one sheriff, and several judges of 
the county courts, were displaced to make room for re- 
publicans. In the character and extent of the destruction 
and in the discovery and consequences of party zeal, this 
assembly manifestly exceeded the federal zeal and folly at 
Yergenties, in 1798. The object of the republicans was 
to intimidate and eilence their opposers, and increase the 
number of their friends and supporters. 

The suggested alteration ofthe constitution was brought 
forward. To test the strength ofthe parties, a resolution 
to that effect was made on the subject, which passed 
without any difficulty, and was adopted in the council. — 
With much impatience an order from Congress for alter- 
ing the constitution was called for. To lengthen out 
their session to a longer period than usual, would dimin- 
ish their popularity among their constituents ; but to ad- 
journ the assembly before tiie proposed alteration was a- 
dopted, would probably deprive them ofthe chance of ac- 
complishing the business early enough to obtain the con- 
currence of the state of Vermont. Perplexed with delays, 
and out of business, a copy ofthe President's message 
was made the order ofthe day, and read during the fore- 
noon. In the after part ofthe day a resolution was intro- 
duced for the purpose of congratulating the President on 
the present happy situation of tlie Union, as it respects 
foreign nations, and their own domestic felicity. IVJany 
members considered this attempt altogether improper lor 
the legislature, and that it would be received in no other 
light than an answer by the legislative body to the Presi- 
dent's message, of which no communication had been 
made to them by him. They, therefore, wished that so lu- 
dicrous a motion might be no farther urged. An address 



HISTORY OP VERMONT. 153 

was afterwards prepared and adopted, by a mnjoritj of 
36 votes. 

This was the first session, that the subject of establish- 
ing banks in Vermont, had corfte before the legislature. — 
All the adjacent States had established institutions of the 
kind, and most of the n)onies in circulation, were of this 
description. Petitions were sent from Burlington and 
Windsor, to obtain charters for establishing banks in these 
towns, upon the same regulations of those banks in the 
other States. Banking business was so little understood 
by the members of the house, and less by the council, that 
they were afraid of venturing upon the subject. After re- 
})eated proposals and resolutions, the subject was refered 
la the next session of the legislature. The customary pe- 
riod for adjourning the assembly had arrived, and no mes- 
sage from Congress had been received, announcing the 
proposed alteration of the federal constitution. In this 
critical situation, a motion for an adjourned session of the 
legislature, was made and determined in the aflirmative, 
by a vote of 23, to be held at Windsor, on the last 'J'hurs- 
day of January. 

The time for the adjourned session at Windsor, arrived 
in January 1804. The answer of the President to their 
address of the preceding November, was presented by the 
speaker, and registered upon tlie journals of the house. — 
It contained expressions of friendship towards the inhab- 
itants of the State, and remarks upon the general meas- 
ures of the government, and the prosperous state of the 
country. 

The much desired message from Congress, had now 
come, together with a copy of the proposed amendment of 
the constitution of the United States, concerning the elec- 
tion of the President and Vice-President. The substance 
of this amendment was, that the electors should name on 
their ballots, the person whom they voted for as President, 
©r as Vice-President. The Congress of the United States 
had adopted this alteration, and if it should be ratified by 
three-fourths of the several State legislatures, it would 
become a part of the federal constitution. Some debates 
were had upon the mode of proceeding, after which it v*a* 



154 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

adopted, and became a law of the State, by 93 votes in 
the affirmative, and 64 in the negative. 

No political measure had ever occasioned more strife, 
or been pursued with a mare fixed resolution than this. — 
Those who favored its passage considered such a meas- 
ure was necessary to be taken, as the constitution of the 
United States, admitted of the possibility of a person's 
being seated in the executive chair contrary to the inten- 
tion of its iVamers, and to the choice of the people. One 
instance had alreaily occurred, which very much endan- 
gered the tederal constitution, and probably it might again, 
and finally most of the States had expressed a wish for 
the alteration, and some, particularly Vermont, in the 
year 1799, had adopted the proposed alteration, and re- 
commended it to the acceptance of the whole confederacy. 
Those who were opposed to the amendment, considered 
it done tor the purpose of securing a doubtful election, that 
no other method could be devised for securing the re-elec- 
tion of Mr. Jefferson, than by altering the constitution. — 
If any alterations could be considered necessary, the favor 
and promotion of an individual ought not to be its object. 
Thus, opinions were as varient as the different topics of 
reasoning suggested on the subject. Which of the par- 
lies manifested the most consistency, is impossible to be 
determined, as both of them changed their votes in the 
course of four years. In 1799, the federalists were in 
favor, and the republicans against such an alteration in 
the constitution. In 1803, the order was entirely reversed 
— the republicans urged the measure, and the federalists 
opposed it. 

The annual session of the legisture, in 1801, was holden 
at Rutland. Political proceedings had now taken a regu- 
lar course, and it was known that the offices and emolu- 
ments of government, would not be bestowed upon the 
fiijderalists. Among other things, which were presented 
lor the attention of the legislature, was a proposition i'lom 
the State of Massachusetts, for altering the constitution of 
the United States, so as to have the representatives ap- 
portioned among the States, according to the number of 
free white inhabitants, in exclusion of those elected, by 
the suffrages of slaves. Had this resolution taken effecl, 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 155 

{.he influence of the slave-holding States, would have been 
very much dinninished, and their nunnber of representatives 
lessened. This attempt at abolishing and stripping slave- 
ry of all political consequence, was worthy of the rep- 
resentatives of a free people, who were accustomed to 
speak, in the highest terms, of freedom and the rights of 
man. The proposition, after being debated as usual, was 
decided by 106 for rejecting the proposal, and 76 for 
adopting it. The federal compact would undoubtedly 
have been endangered, had three fourths of the State leg- 
islatures adopted th.e Massachusetts amendment. 

Complaints had been made for some time against tho 
judges of the Supreme Court, for taking illegal fees, 
whicli were made the subject of enquiry in the latter part 
of the session. The matter was referred to a committee 
of three, to report the facts; and afterwards, a change 
was made in the committee, with the addition of such a 
delegation from the council. As the council were the 
proper board for trying cases of impeachment, which 
would be the case if the respondents were found guilty 
before aboard of enquiry, they refused to join. Several 
reports were made; the last of which, stated that the fees 
were taken agreeable to the fee bill. This report was 
read and accepted, so far as related to the facts stated 
therein ; but not as to the opinion given of the legality of 
the proceedings. The house adjourned the same day, 
and left the matter in a state of indecision, to conjecture, 
doubt or belief, as best agreed with their own desires or 
Bystem of politics. To leave busines of such consequence 
in this dubious situation, was not proceeding very res- 
pectfully towards the judges, prudently with regard to the 
people, and honorably in respect to themselves. 

Danville was selected for the seat of government in 
1395. The usual business which would engage the at- 
tention of the assembly, related to the internal affairs, 
the appointment of state and county officers, necessary 
improvements of the laws, and whatever business by le- 
gislative enactments, could enhance the general interest 
of agriculture, manufactures, and the public peace, were 
noticed in the Governor's communication to the legisla- 
4ive body. The custom of the preceeding legislatures, 



156 HISTORY OF VERMONT, 

respecting an answer to the Governor's speech, was pur- 
sued at this session of the at^sembly. A concise and res- 
pectful communication was addressed to the chair, written 
without ostentation or a design of securing party emolu- 
ments and favor. The judges could not properly be elec- 
ted until the complaints of their alledged corruption in 
taking illegal fees were removed. A resolution was 
therefore introduced, referring the matter to the commit- 
tee of unfinished business, and empowering them to send 
for persons, papers and records, and to use proper means 
to enable thorn to report all the facts, that the house may 
form a correct decision on a sul ject so important to the 
honor and dignity of the state, and the persons implicated 
tlierein. The committee reportefl, that it had been the 
practice of the judges, to take the fees complained of, and 
numerous cases and actions that were mentioned. At^ter 
reflecting upon the subject, the committee of the whole 
agreed to recommend to the house, to adopt the following 
resolution :— that the judges had conducted honestly, and, 
therefore, by law made the judges, of what is a reasonable 
and fair construction of the fee bill, and therefore, no fur- 
ther order ought to be taken relative to the said judges ta- 
king of fees, as aforesaid. The report was accepted by 
the house, with 100 in the affirmative and 82 in the nega- 
tive. 

The controversy thus terminated in favor of the hones? 
ty and propriety of the practice which the judges had pur- 
sued in taking fees, *" Candor,lherefore should not com- 
plain that the committee were inclined to believe that 
they were taken with upright views. But the reason 
which they assigned for the justification, that they were 
by law made the judges of what is a reasonable and fair 
construction of the bill, had more of the appearance of the 
subtle and evasive distinctions of the schools and Jesuits, 
than that of the language or decision of statesmen or 
men of business." 

Proposals from Kentucky and North Carolina, for a- 
mpnding the constitution of the United States, were laid 
before the legislature. That from North Carolina was 
designed to prohibit the importation of slaves into the Uni- 
ted States. The proppsal was agreed to by Massachu- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 157 

setts, and unanimously adopted by the assembly of Ver- 
mont. The amendment proposed by Kentucky was de- 
signed to confine the judiciary power of tlie United States' 
tourttj! to cases of law and equity arising under the consti- 
tution and lawii of the Union and treaties which are or 
shall be made under their authorify, and all matters afl'ecling 
ambassadors or other public <ngcnts, cases of maritime 
jurisdiction, and controversies in which one or more 
states or tlie United States are a party. Pennsylvania 
had concurred in the resolution. Vermont, however, with 
much wisdon), thought it not proper to venture so materi- 
al a change in the original compact. The subject was 
dcfered for consideration to the next session of the legisla- 
ture. The northern boundary of the state becan:e a sub- 
ject for enquiry at this session of the legislature. V>y one 
of the acts of this body, the governor was empowered 
and requested to have the latitude of the north line of the 
state ascertained by proper observations on the bank of 
Connecticut river and lake Memphremagog. The future 
sesit of the legislature, after the year 1808, was also fxed, 
by a law, at JNIontpelier. Tbe proceedings of the legisla- 
ture at this session discovered more moderation and wis- 
dom than had appeared for several years before ; and 
whether it arose from the absence of some former vio- 
lent members, or to more sagacity and prudence than u- 
sual, or to the termination of disputable subjects, cannot 
be determined. 

The legislature met this year (180G) at Middlebnry. — 
IMr. I'ichenor was again re-elected, by a considerable ma- 
jority, although uncommon exertions had been employed 
to remove him tVom his office, and his opposers seem to 
have been confident of success. The disappointment of 
his opposers, constituting a majority of the legislature, 
appeared to cause much vexation, wben they found that 
the votes of the people were still in his favor. They de- 
clared these seutiments, in their answer to the governor's 
speech. " We shall endeavor to avail ourselves of the 
advantages, by your excellency pointed out, to promote 
harmony in our councils, as far as is consistent with that 
spirit of enquiry which constitutes the basis of a republi- 
can government, iiulwe cannot trv to avoid those changes 

14 



158 HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 

which arc conformable to our conslitvition." The atten- 
tion of the legislature was directed to the subject of tho 
lands which belonged to Vermont, as ascertained by a re- 
cent observation of the latitude on the north line of tho 
state, but which lay within the reputed bounds of Canada, 
It vexed them exceedingly that the result of the enqui- 
ry sliould favor the exertions and judgment of t!ie govern- 
or, and tend to increase his influence and reputation. In 
order therefore to counteract every prospect of this kind, 
their zeal and folly proceeded so far as to give a political 
direction to a mathematical line. The remonstrants sta- 
ted, as a formidable objection to the establishment of the 
northern boundary line of this state,made under the direc- 
tion of the legislature of Vermont, that it can be legally 
accomplished only through the medium of the national 
government, and that it might so affect the interests of 
the state of New- York as to require her co-operation. — 
^'Whether we would urge the enlargement of this state, at 
the risk of lessening the state of New-York, and perha|)3 
of the United States, by transfering several settlements on 
the river St. Lawrence, is a question of the highest impor- 
tance.'' No question could be made in theory or in fact, 
but only in the imagination of some intriguing politician, 
that could possibly concern the rights or privileges of 
New-York. Amidst such a spirit of intolerance, it was 
considered unreasonable for the federalists to complain, 
and an evidence of weakness in them to expect any civil 
appointments, Tiie utmost that the assembly professed 
was to let those remain unmolested who were in their pow- 
(>r and to protect those who exercise an honest diversity of 
opinion on speculative subjects. 

The Kentucky resolutions, which were refered from the 
last session of the legislature, were now taken up with no 
tearfulness of apprehension, but with an increased desire 
that the federal constitution might be weakened in the 
name of liberty, and their own powers augmented under 
the appearance of joining a sister state in th« cause of free- 
dom. In a committee of the whole, the house adopted the 
Kentucky resolutions, by a vote of 148 in an affirmative, 
?ind 34 in the negative. 

A motion was made and agreed to without opposition, to 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 159 

muke an address to the President oftlje United States. — 
This address was designed not merely for a complimenta- 
ry article, but as a matter of interest and policy. In the 
opinion of many, Mr. Jeflerson was, from his intimations, 
nbout to decline a re-election and retire to private life. — 
A large majority of the assembly desired to assure him 
that they highly approved of his public services, and 
should afford him their cordial support. These assuran- 
ces and sentiments were expressed in their communicated 
uddress. " We venture to hope that the insinuation is un- 
authorized, and to express a wish that, in tlie full posses- 
sion of faculty and talent, you will not refuse the citizens 
the benefits arising from long experience, and deprive 
them of a full opportunity of exercising their choice and 
judgment in selecting their President from the whole num- 
ber of the people*'' 

Tiie subject of banks, which had for several years been 
discussed in the legislature, was now urged upon their at- 
tention witli zeal and warmth, by petitions of tliatkind from 
many of tlie most respectable towns in the state. Insti- 
tutions of this kind were probably desired by a majority of 
the members, but their views were so local and io 
much in favor of those particular places, where they ex- 
pected to be benefitted, that it was found impossible to en- 
ter upon an agreement at what towns they should be es- 
tablished. A state bank, with the profits accruing to the 
fetate, was the only institution of the kind on which their 
minds would meet. Having made several trials, the le- 
Ijislature fixed on two respectable towns, Middlebury and 
Woodstock. In the former of these, a branch, and in the lat- 
ter, the parent bank was founded. These banking institu- 
tions, with two branches at Burlington and Westminster, 
have run down with great loss to the state, which shows 
conclusively that legislative authority and influence in 
the direction of such establishments are not consistent 
with confidence, property and safety of individuals or the 
public. 

In 1807 the general assembly of the state convened at 
Woodstock. The republican party had succeeded in el- 
evating Israel Smith, the competitor of Governor Tichen- 
OTf to the gubernatorial chair. He was a great admirer 



160 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

of the principles and proceedings of the French revolu- 
tion, and therefore expectationi? were very high that ho 
would be very strongly devoted to the republican party. 
In his address to the legislature, reflections of party ex- 
citement were not expressed ; hut a degree of manly sen- 
timent and useful suggestions were exhibited in the pro- 
duction. The attention of the legislature was particular- 
ly directed to a variation in the mode of punishment by 
the criminal code of Vermont; suggesting at the same 
time, that a substitution of confinement to hard labor, in- 
stead of corporeal punishment, was very desirable, as it re- 
spected the influence of the example and the conforma- 
tion of the culprit to habits of useful industry. '' By sub- 
stituting the punishment proposed, the government may 
Dot only prevent the expense to which other modes. of 
correction mu=st be subject, but may make it a source of 
revenue to the state.'' The committee appointed for that 
purpose, reported an answer to the governor's speech, 
which was accepted by the house. This communication 
carried in its style evidence of transported feelings. Ex- 
ertions wliich i\ad long been displayed by the republicans, 
to remove the former governor from office, were now tri- 
umphant; and their congratulations upon the occasion as- 
sumed the tone of flattery. 

Tlie long services of Mr. Smith In the cause of hits 
country, and the confidence which existed between the 
preseut executive of the state and thatof the United States 
were enumerated among those qualifications which ren- 
dered him highly acceptable to the people of Vermont.— 
Topics of law suggested by the governor, as necessary to 
be adopted or improved, they declared worthy of receiv- 
ing that careful attention which the nature,importance and 
respect due to the governor's recoinmendatioa demanded, 
and in the language of the answer, "We most cordially 
reciprocate the sentiments of your excolleiicy, that ihero 
are at the present day such degrees of ligiit and informa- 
tion diffused among the people, in relation to the science 
of government, asvvill defeat if not totally prevent all fu- 
ture attempts upon their supposed ignorance and credulity*' 

In June, 1807, the attack of the British ship Leopard 
upon the frigate Chesapeake, while coasting upon tho 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 161 

scores of the United States, and unsuspicious of danger, 
concentrated upon the British nation the whole weight of 
popular indignation. The American vessel being unpre- 
j)ared for action, struck her colors, and was then boarded 
by a detachment from the Leopard, when three of her men 
were killed, eighteen wounded, and four carried away un- 
der pretence that they were British deserters. The fire of 
the assailants was opened upon the Americans at a time 
when there was not the least suspicion of danger, and was 
continued for thirty minutes. Commodore Barron obser- 
ved that he considered the Chesapeake a prize to the 
Leopard. The reply of the officer was, that he had obey- 
ed his directions in seizing the men, and wanted nothing 
more of the vessel. On an investigation of the subject, 
it was ascertained that three of them were citizens of tlie 
United States, who had b^en impressed into the British 
service and afterwards made an escape. 

This insolent attack upon a national ship — this wanton 
exercise of power, derogatory to national honor, aroused 
the spirit of the republic. The rancor of party spirit, 
which had so long embittered all the intercourse of social 
life, was extinguished in the desire for avenging the inju- 
ry. All concurred in declaring their determination to sup- 
port the government of their country in its efforts, wheth- 
er by treaty or war, to obtain satisfaction fur this insulting 
outrage. The president issued a proclamation prohibiting 
all British ships of war from continuing or entering with- 
in the harbors or w^aters of the United States. Instruc- 
tions were sent to Mr. Monroe, the American minister at 
London, to demand reparation for the injury, and securi- 
ty against any future aggression. A special session of 
Congress was summoned to determine what further mear- 
ures should be taken. The act of the otlicer was peremp- 
torily disavowed by the British government; but, delay- 
ing to adjust the difiiculty, and refusing to adopt adequate 
measures to prevent the continuance of aggression, the 
feelings of hostility, which had somewhat abated, wc»r« 
now aroused and inflamed. 

The assembly of Averment, co-o{)erating in their views 
with the general sentiment of the American people, adop- 
ted a resolution, with but one dissenting vote, stating that 
14* 



16^ HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

they viewed with indignation and abhorrence the unjusL- 
fiable conduct of the British cruisere?, in the impre^smei.'i 
and murder of American citizens, and tUe phjnder of their 
property upon the high seas and even in tlie very entrance 
of tlie harbors, and more especially in the late iio:^tile at-- 
tack made upon the American frigate Chesapeake by tlie 
British ship Leopard. They resolved, that "at this aw- 
ful crisis, when our national honor and independence are 
insulted by a nation with whom we, forgetful of forn)crir.- 
jurics, have not only endeavored to cultivate hartnony^ 
by preserving a strict and perfect neutrality, but to concil- 
iate their friendship by every act of benevolence, Immani- 
ty and assistance compatible with the justice due to our- 
selves and others ; it is a duty of every American to ral- 
ly around tlie constituted authorities of his country and to 
support tlvem with his life and fortune, in resisting any en- 
rroachmei>ts on our national and individual rights by any 
foreign power wlKit-sver ; and in procuring redress tor the 
many injuries we have sustained, and which ouv patient 
and friendly forbearance has sutfered too long, injiirics 
committed in a manner unusually barbarous, and calcu- 
lated to fix an indelible stigma/' And further, that tho 
measures adopted by the president of the United States o;j 
this trying occasion merited their highest approbation, 
and that tl>e most implicit confidence was placed in his 
wisdom, integrity and ability in directing the energies oi 
the government so as to preserve the honor of the nation 
free from reproach and individual liberties secure from vi- 
olation; and they further declared, that, feailess of the 
dangers to which they were exposed as a frontier state, 
iliey should ever be ready to obey the calls of the country, 
whene\er it shall be necessary, either for tlie purposes of 
redress or vengeance. A copy of these resolutions wa» 
transmitted to the president of the United States. 

A law, establishing a stale penitentiary, was passed, and 
a tux of one cent per acre was granted for carrying the 
aforesaid act into elfect. No enactment of the legislature, 
on the subject of punishment tor crimes, ever had so salu- 
tary and useful a tendency as imprisonment and hard labor 
for certain periods of time. Punishment by whipping, 
cropping and branding, a relic of feudal barbarism, bus 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 103 

been abolished since the establishment of the state's pris- 
on. The usual business of appointing civil officers and 
passing several acts of a public and private nature, waa 
accomplished with an unusual degree of harmony and qui- 
efness. A very unpleasant circumstance to the public, 
and unfortunate for the individual, occurred. It was tho 
rase of Mr. Spencer, a member of the legislature, from 
Rutland. He was a gentleman of high standing as a law- 
yer and former speaker of the house of representatives ; 
but was by a committee appointed-for the purpose of in- 
vestigating certain charges of a highly dishonorable char^ 
ac.ter, prefered against him, found guilty of feloniously ta- 
king ninety-three dollars in bank bills, the property of 
Messrs. Oliver Gallup, William B. Mar«h, and James 
ilerrington, all members of the present session. A reso- 
lution, together with the minutes of the evidence, was tak- 
en before the house, wlien tiie questioij was tried by the 
votes, and he was unanimously expelled from his scat ia 
the legislature. 



CHAPTER Vlf. 



A review of the legislative proceedings from the year ISO^ 
to 1S15. — Embar^'j laid by Congress upon the vcsseU 
of the United States. — Disturbances under that law in 
1S08. — Flood in My, 1811. — John Henry- s mission. — 
United States declaration of war against Great-Brit- 
cin, June IBM, 1812. — Riutous proceedings at Georgia. 
— Correspondence between Governor Chittenden, James 
Monroe, Generals Strong, Newell and Macomb. — Hart' 
ford Convention. 

When Bonaparte announced his design of enforrin^ 
with rigor the Berlin decree, and the British government 
solemnly asserted the right of search and impressment, the 
President of the United States recommended to Congress 
tlie detention of tlie American seamen, ships and merchan- 
dise in port, to preserve them from the danger of cruisers, 
which was effected by the restrictions of an indefnile em- 



164 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

bargo. This was designed to coerce the belligerant pow- 
ers to return to the obfe-ervance of the laws of nations, bjr 
withholding from them the advantages of the American 
trade. Within a few days, information was received that 
neutrals, comprising almost every maritime nation of Eu- 
rope, were compelled to pay tribute if they traded with 
France or her allies. This was immediately succeeded 
by the Milan decree, declaring that every neutral vessel 
vhich submitted to the British restrictions, should^be con- 
fiscated ifthey were afterwards found in their ports, or ta- 
ken by the French cruisers. Thus, orders and decrees 
were in existence at the time of the embargo, subjecting 
to capture almost every vessel sailing on the ocean. — 
The highly prosperous commerce of New-England was 
by these regulations almost annihilated. The federalists, 
' bearing a greater proportion here to the whole population 
than in other parts of the Union, pronounced the regula- 
tion burthensome and unwise. These representations and 
the sufferings which the people endured, changed public 
Bcntimeut so rapidly that a majority were soon opposed 
to the measures of the government. 

In March, 1S09, the non-intercourse act, prohibiting all 
intercourse with France or Great-Britain during one year, 
was substituted by Congress tor the embargo. For the 
purpose of retaliation, the Rambouillet decree of Bona- 
parte, authorising the seizure afid cr.iiiscation ot American 
vessels,, excepting those charged with despatches to the 
government, was issued. The non-intercourse law expir- 
ed in May, 1810, and government made proposals to both 
belligerant powers, that if either would revoke its hostila 
edicts, this law should only be revived and enforced against 
the other nation. It had ever been the American policy 
to observe a perfect impartiality tov.-ards each bellignrant, 
in concluding and managing the alfairs of national inter- 
course. The authorities of France informed the Ameri- 
can officer, Mr. Armstrong, that the Berlin and .Milan de- 
crees were revoked in August, and this revocation would 
take effect on the first day of November ensuing. Trust- 
ing to this assurance, a proclamation was issued Novem- 
ber 2d prohibiting all intercourse with Great-Britain, and 
allowins: an unrestrained commerco with France. Great- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 165 

Britain was called upon by the American envoy to fulfil 
her promise in revoking her orders, as the government of 
France had repealed their decrees. She objected to the 
validity of the transaction, as a letter from the minister of 
State was not a document of sutticient authority, for that 
purpose. This objection was refuted by proof derived 
from the French admiralty courts, that they considered 
them repealed, and that the American vessels having en- 
tered the ports of France, had not been subject to these 
prohibitions. Notwithstanding these proceedings, Grer.t- 
Britain still persisted to enforce her orders. She estab- 
lished a kind of a blockading system, throughout the prin- 
cipal harbors of the United States. A^esseFs departing or 
returning, were boarded and searched, and some of them 
sent to British ports, as legal prizes. The Americans 
suffered greatly from these incursions. Their seamen 
were impressed, their vessels captured, and their property 
confiscated. No assurances were given by the govern- 
ment, that a satisfactory arrangement, on- the subject of 
iujpressment, or the repeal of the orders in council, would 
be made. But these orders, on the contrary, continued 
to be enforced with rigor, and on tlie restoration of frea 
commerce with France, a great nundjer of American 
vessels, with valuable cargoes, destined to her ports, fell 
into the hands of the English cruisers. The situfjtion of 
business was such, that the United States suffered the evils, 
while Great-Britain reaped the benefits of the war. Nine 
hundred American vessels had been taken by the English, 
since 1803. 

After enduring such evils to the last extremity of pa- 
tience and forbearance, Congress was called together, on 
the first of November, 181 J. The situation of fXireign af- 
fairs was laid before them, and it was recommended by 
the President that the republic should be placed in the at- 
titude of defence. And the people expressed, bv their 
representatives, their general wishes, in accordance with 
the views of the President. 

1808. This year the legislature convened at Montpc- 
lier, the new capital of the state, which had two years 
previously been established, by an act of the legislature, 
as t!ie permanent seat of government. Mr. Tirbenor wg* 



166 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

electee in opposition to the incumbent for the last year. -^ 
His communication to the legislative body delineated upon 
matters of public interest as candidly as could be expected 
in such violent party times. Still, his views of the policy 
adopted by the general government evinced a direct oppo- 
sition to tlie leading measures of the administration. — 
*• While (says he) we regret the stain upon the character 
of a respectable class of our citizens, who have violated 
the law of the general government, suspending our con> 
merce by an embargo without limitation, we sincerely re- 
gret that the law was not accompanied with that evidence 
of national necessity or utility which at once would have 
commanded obedience and respect.-' There was not at 
this crisis of our national affairs, according to the govern- 
or's observations, a fitness in the restrictive system. Ac- 
cording to the answer of the house, as given in the reply, 
a, majority were in favor of the measures of the ad- 
ministration and strongly incensed against the alledged 
cruelties and Oppressions of the British nation. The sub- 
jects of the Ainorican government, though desirous of re- 
maining neutral, were exposed to inconveniences and af- 
flictive losses during the contest between Great-Britain 
and France, l^njoying an extensive conr.nerce, a» tho 
carriers of the produce of France and other countries, they 
felt the ill eltects of the clashing decrees of the belliger- 
ent powers. '• We cannot (they observe) but consider 
(he law alluded to as necessary ; yet we feel a dignified 
pleasure that this, the only practicable measure which 
could have averted the danger and horrors of war with one 
or more of the contending nations of Europe, has been pa- 
tiently submitted to by every well informed and well dis- 
posed citizen of the nation." The committee to' whom 
the foreign affairs were referred, entered into all the feel- 
ings of the president. Having commented upon the right 
of the United States to the use of the ocean " for the pur- 
pose of transporting in their own vessels the produce of 
their own soil and acquisitions of their industry to a mar- 
ket in the ports of friendly nations, it was then alledged 
that the people could not remain passive under the accu- 
mulated injuries inflicted by Great-Britain. As an im- 
proper seizure of their ships and seamen was mude, it was 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 167 

proper that the States should be put in the attitude of dcr, 
fence demanded by the crisis, and agreeing with the na- 
tional spirit and expectations, measures for increasing the 
national force, though opposed by some, were sanctioned 
by the majority. 

A transaction of a very fearful and alarming character 
ensued upon Onion river, between the party cruising up- 
on the lake and river, under the employ of the federal 
government, for the purpose of suppressing the violations 
of trade and intercourse between the Anjcrican and Brit- 
ish governments, and a smuggling vessel, called the 
}31ack Snake. During the contest, two men were killed 
by the smugglers, whereupon these aggressors were ar- 
rested, and a special session of the court was holden at 
Burlington, for their trial. Day, one of tlie party, was 
discharged by the States' Attorney; another, by the name 
of Dean, was executed, and the remainder were sentenced 
to the state's prison. The perturbation and excitement 
raised among the people, by this transaction, checked 
for a time the illicit trade between this state and the British 
provinces. 

1809. Mr. Galusha, one of the former judges of the 
Supreme Court of Vermont, was chosen governor of the 
state. His election was supported by the republican par- 
ty, which had managed so adroitly as to secure a majority 
over the old governor, who for years had served the state 
with fidelity and applause. The passions incident to the 
feelings of the parties discovered themselves in the public 
transactions and private intercourse of the people — crimr 
inations were thrown upon one another — French and Brit- 
ish influence were the imputed errors of partizan zeal. 

The Governor's message to the assembly evinced sen- 
timents of decision upon the subject of our foreign rela- 
tions with two of the most powerful nations of Europe, 
who, regardless of neutral rights and the laws of nations, 
have interdicted the commerce of the United States by 
embarrassing it with exactions hitherto unheard of, which 
if submitted to by the general government, would lead to 
the surrender of our nautical rights, and virtually the in- 
dependence of the country. Although measures had been 
pursued to remove the embarrassnjents, without resorthig 



18S HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

to arms, says the communication, yet they proved unavail- 
ing. "With tiiese views, the adoption of such measures 
as will liave the most direct tendency to conciliate the 
a-ffections of'the people, and unite them in their great na- 
tional interest, cannot be too strongly reconunended. But 
while it is recommended to you cheerfully to submit, and 
as a member of the Union, to carry into elfect such meas- 
ures as have been or may be adopted by the United States 
for the preservation of our national riglits, at the same 
time it becomes }ou, as the guardians of those rights and 
powers that are not delegated by the constitution of the 
United States, but are reserved to the respective states, 
or the people, to observe and defend their proper use and 
continuance." The attention of the legislature was also 
directed to make such further regulations and provisions 
as were necessary for arming and disciplining the mili- 
tia in case of their services being wanted in times of dan- 
«;er. The sentiments of a majority of the legislature were, 
from the style of their answer, exactly similar to those 
presented in the speech of the Governor. The foMowing 
paragraph will exhibit the strife of feeling which was cul- 
tivated by the party. "We have seen with just alarm 
that Sj)irit of discord which has prevailed, weakening the 
bonds of the general government, and rendering abortive 
salutary measures by them adopted, to. maintain our com- 
mercial riglits, and our national honor and independence; 
but this alarm is greatly diminished by the marks of re- 
turning patriotism and a renewed attachment to the inter- 
est and happiness of our country and to the administration 
of our general government; and we hope ere long to re- 
alize that union of sentiment among the citizens of this 
State and the United States, with regard to our political 
interest, which will awe the powers of Europe into a prac- 
tical sense of national justice, and prove the surest palla- 
dium of our liberties and independence." As a literary 
production it is very inelegant and absurd, and the senti- 
ments egotistic and inflated. 

Those in power congratulated themselves and the citi- 
zens of the state upon a happy and prosperous situation of 
nftairs, so long as they continued in office, und reproba- 
ted the practices o[ those previously in power. This an- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. i€9 

swer were a general response to arguments advanced in 
the speech. 

A committee, appointed for the purpose of addressin^r 
Mr. Madison, furnished a communication replete with 
matters of complaint, against the proceedinirs and com- 
mercial aggression oftiie European powers. "^The vivily- 
ing touch of republican resentment, arrayed in all the hor- 
rors i,f inhuman vongcance, was detailed in the relation 
they gave of the European blockades, and unlawful viola- 
tions and restrictions of the American commerce. As 
the spirit of the times can best be learned from the acts 
and declarations of legi-^lative bodies, iio declaration could 
better answer for a description of their feelings, than the 
following: "The people of Vermont, thouiri, mostly 
devoted to agricultural pursuits, have, during the late and 
present embarrassments, felt an uncommon interest with 
ijer sister States, and have long and anxiously waited in 
hopes that a strict and impartial neutrality maintained by 
the general government towards all nations, the just and 
reasonable oiiers of accommodation it has repeatedly 
made, would have before this brought the offending na- 
tions to a sense of justice, and created a disposition io 
rei^tore to us the peaceable enjoyment of our national 
rignt^; but in this they have been disappointed, and with 
extreme concern behold the most friendly, just and pacific 
overtures treated with silent contempt by one nation, and 
by another met with what is still worse, fruitless and de- 
lusive propositions and arrangements, calculated solely to 
weaken the bonds of government, and to defeat those wise 
precautionary means adopted to obtain a redress of our 
wrongs." In consequence of the Americiin embargo, laid 
in pursuance of the restrictive system of France and Eng- 
land, adopted in lS0{2;,7nnd8, the coiTiiwrce of Vermont 
had diminished very mudi. The Canada trade, formerly 
very lucrative, was at this time kept up only by tlie illici't 
transactions of smugglers. The embargo withholding the 
merchant from a career in which he imagined that he 
might still be favored of fortune, occasioned discontent 
and clamor. In the New-England States, except Ver- 
mont, a majority became federalists, and opposed all the 
measures of the government. 



15 



170 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

A proposition from the legislature of Virginia, for a- 
mending the constitution of the United States, was brought 
forward for the consideration of the legislature. The de- 
sign of the resolution was to have the law so altered that 
Senators in Congress might be removed from office by a 
majority of the whole members of the respective stale 
legislatures,by which they have been or may be appointed. 
But the suggested amendment was regarded by a majority 
of the house as an unwise encroachment upon the consti- 
tution, which ought to be preserved inviolate, without 
some more palpable reason than the present was urged in 
favor of an alteration. 

The election of the chief magistrate for the State termi^ 
nated in ISlOin favor of the governor for the past year, 
and all the officers chosen by the general ticket were of 
the republican party. The critical attitude which the fed- 
eral government bore in relation the the powers of Europe, 
appeared at this time to furnish the principal grounds of 
difference between the two political parties of the govern- 
ment. After noticing the unjust restrictions of some of 
the European sovereigns, governor Galusha observed "that 
these rival powers had determined on the destruction of 
e&ch other, and each, unable to encounter his opponent 
with success, have employed a mode of warfare substan- 
tially affecting all neutral rights, and every commercial 
state hcvs experienced the cruel effect of this unrighteous 
policy, All the nations of Europe have, by flattery or the 
sword, been obliged to take part with one or the other of 
these powers in their warfare." The utmost stretch of 
power was also alleged to have been exerted by France 
and England to draw the United States from their neutral 
position ; yet the v/isdom of Congress had resisted their 
temptations and eluded their strength. And farther, that 
if every American was sufficiently barred against foreign 
influence and attached to his own government, the strength 
of Europe might be set at defiance. But notwithstanding 
the aggressions from abroad, and dissensions at home, 
the civil and religious liberties of this country, bestowed 
by heaven and guaranteed by a republican government,re-- 
main unimpaired. The subject of education, which had 
often received the attention and patronage of the legisla- 



HISTORY OF VERMOxNT. 171 

ture, was finally declared to be the great suppressor of 
vice aad hand-maid of virtue, and the grand pillar of our 
Independence. 

The answer to the governor's speech was composed in a 
style rather conciliatory for the zeal of the times. " After 
buffeting the storms of faction and discontent, we have ar- 
rived at a period distinguished by such evident traces of 
patriotism, as almost precludes the idea that we are or can 
be a divided peojile.'^ It had been the business of the le- 
gislature, ever since the first organization of the govern- 
ment, to sustain petitions for new trisils, for the liberation 
of poor debtors from imprisonment, and re-judging cases 
which had received a final trial belbre the highest judi- 
cial tribunal in the state. Such an exercise of power over 
the judgments and opinions of the supreme court, was, in 
the minds of the more intelligent part of the legislative 
body, considered unconstitutional, and a direct violation of 
its- privileges ; a union of two distinct powers in one 
branch of government, which v/ere in the most expressive 
language of that instrument, declared to be separate and 
distinct. 

Proceedings of this character destroyed the confidence 
of the people in the courts, which, together with their an- 
nual appointments, rendered them, so far as human nature 
is swayed by motives which tend to their own preservation 
and power, subservient to the will and management of the 
legislative body. Numerous suspensions for poor debt- 
ors, treeing their bodies from arrest and imprisonment 
for a certain number of years, were annually granted by 
the general assembly. This stretch of power favored so 
strongly the wild misrule of despotism that the practico 
was but slightly followed for a number of years anterior 
to its final disuse. The Su{)reme Court have decided, 
in several cases, that the bonds were valid and collcctiblo 
of the bail, where the principal had been authorised, by au 
act of suspension from the legislature, to leave the liber- 
tiesof the jail. The acts granting such suspensions were 
declared unconstitutional and all proceedings had under 
them void. 

The bills of the Vermont state bank were, by an act of 
the state, made a lawful tender in payment of all land tax- 



172 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

es granted at that session of tli« legislature. Keiituckj 
siil):5eqiiently undertook to validate their state bills and 
make them a tender in discharge of any contract entered 
into by the citizens of that state. But measures of this 
kind directly contradicted that part of the federal consti- 
tution which declares that no state shall " make any thing 
htit gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. — 
Whatever pecuniary embarrassments were intended to be 
removed by such legislative enactments, ruin has ensu- 
ed wherever the experiment has been attempted. Bank 
bills, as a representiitive of wealth, are of no more value 
than bo much weight in paper rags, if no funds arc depos- 
ited for their redemption. 

Mr. Israel Smith, the fourth governor of Vermont, died 
lit Rutland the present year. He settled in Vermont at an 
early period, in the piactice of law, and soon rose to dis- 
tinction in his profession and usefulness in the public af- 
fairs of the state. 

In 1797 he was elected Chief Justice of .tl^e Supremo 
Court of Vermont, and afterwards was successively cho- 
pen a member of the liouse of representatives and the sen- 
ate in the Congress of the United States; and finally ele- 
vated to t'ne highest office in the gift of the people. Con- 
cerning his character it may justly be said, that he vvss a 
man of the purest morals, stern integrity, undeviating jus- 
tice, and discharged the duty of his public appoint- 
ments with honor to himself and advantage to the public. 
ISll. This year was distinguished for a very remark- 
able fall of rain on tlie 22d of July. So large a quantity 
had never been known to descend at one time since the 
settlement of the state, as there did at this period. From 
twelve to fifteen inches was the estimated quantify that 
foil upon a level. The wind blew in a direction from the 
south-west to the north east, bringing with it a darkened 
envelope of clouds. Commencing at lake (leorge and ex- 
tending to Connecticut river, every rivulet and stream wau 
swollen to full banks, with foaming cataracts of woter : 
mills, bridges, fences, and in many instances houses and 
barns, were swept in tlie vortex and embosomed in tbe 
wide waste of water. Scarcely a mill or machine propel- 
led by water remained within the limits of thisdevastatirjg 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. ITS 

«torm. The internal lantls bordering upon tlic rivers ond 
streams were in many places cut up and the soil carried 
away to the depth of several feti, and in other places flood- 
wood, trees, rocks and sand buried the surface of the soil 
many feet below. So complete a work of destruction can 
be but imperfectly described. Some lives were lost, :ind 
others had but a hair's breadth escape from a w alcry grave. 
Twenty-two towns, embracing thewlioie width of the state, 
from Fair-llaven, Castleton and Poullney to liartland, 
Hartford and Windsor,experienced the exterminating rav- 
ages of the flood ; but its violence was the most &evcre 
on the west side of the mountain. Appearances of its des- 
olating force are visible to this day. Where the smooth 
lawn skirted along the meandering ri\er a barren surface 
of pebbles only remains, ^i liC legislature assembled in 
the fall of this year, and the executive power was again 
placed in the hands of Mr. Galusha, who, after addressing 
them upon those subjects which demanded their attention, 
received the customary answer from the house. 

A resolution, passed by the Congress of the United 
Stales, proposing an amendment to the federal constitu- 
tion, was brought before the house. The spirit of the 
resolution accorded well with the feelings, habits, and 
views of the hardy yeomanry of the green mountains. — 
Unacquainted with the titles, honors and equipage of im- 
perial courts, the republican occupant ofthe hard hills and 
frosty mountains of Vermont spurned those distinctions of 
rank unknown to his own republican institutions, 'i'ho 
amendment enacted by Congress and concurred in by tjie 
legislature of Vermont, was, that any citizen of the Uni- 
ted States, who shall accept, claim, receive or retain any 
title of nobility or honor, or shall, without the consent of 
Congress, accept or retain any present pension ofljce or 
eraolument from any sovereign or foreign power, such 
person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, 
»ind shall be incapable of holding any office of profit or trust 
under them or either of them. 

The people of Vermont were this season very much af- 
fiicted and alarmed on account of the prevalence ofthe 
spotted fever, which had spread its ravages the two pre- 
ceding years. The attacks and progress ofthe disease 
15* 



174 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

were generally sudden. Chiklren would nwnUe in llW 
niornii)g in a comatose and distressed stale, with a very 
quick puisne, and in a tew hours die. Cases have frequent- 
ly occurred of people possessing every ap[)earance of tha 
most firm and athletic habits being pro-^trated by it in a fe%7 
(lays, and soaietitnes in a few hours, without apparent syuip- 
toms of dissolution. From weakness or abb( ration of intel- 
lect, they were incapable of describing tiieir feelings and 
comiBonly died in a state of stupidity. This disease has 
noAT^ entirely disappeared. 

ISI'2, Thisyt^ar was an eventful period in the history 
of the American v:}late9. Faction and its concomitant cvil» 
had diijordered ths union of society — war and its devasta- 
ting consequences destroyed the subjects and resources of 
the government — commerce was driven from the ocean, 
and peace from the hallowed sanctuary of freedom. Rul- 
ers were distrusted by the people, and the people in return 
were charged with infidelity to the government. — S^ilence 
was construed into disaliection and loyalty into oppression. 
The very name of parties was enough to produce the ap- 
pellation of an enemy. 

Early in the year, John Henry, a former resident in Can- 
ada, had passed through Vermont to Boston, as early as 
1S09. lie stopped at Burlington and Windsor, to confer 
with those citizens who were disatlected with the ijovern- 
inent, upon tiu* subject of making a separation of the ?«^cw- 
FiUgland Stales from the restot the Union, and llieir form- 
ing a political connection with Great-Britain. lie exhib- 
ited documents in support of his disclosures, which he wa* 
led to make, by the neglect of his employers to reward 
him for his services. It did not, however, appear that be 
had succeeded in corru})ting the fidelity of any individual, 
but the undertaking, in a titr.e of peace, and in the niidst of 
the most devoted frie!)dship, not only continued in t\d\ 
force, but extended the previous irritation. This failure 
Henry atiributed entirely to the willingness Mr. Madison 
liad manifested to accept tJie conciliating propositions of 
Mr. Erskine, which deprived him of the opportunity of 
'raising an opposition to the administration, on the repre- 
sentation to them that he was engaged in the interest of 
France. After the British government refused him a re- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 175 

munerati-on for liis services, the authority of the United 
States rewarded him for disclosing the ohject and pro- 
ceedings of his miesion with the sunri of fifty t)lOUf^ar.(] 
dollars, and sent him out in an American ship of war to 
France. 

In April 3u Congress laid an embargo for ninety days oa 
nil the vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States. 
Although the government continued to be engaged in ma- 
king preparations tor war, a hope was still indulged that 
some change of policy in Europe would render the com- 
mencement of hostilities unnecessary. Despatches were 
received from London at the same time, by the ship Hor- 
net, containing llie information that no prospect existed of 
a favorable change. The message of the president con- 
tained these as the principal reasons for declaring war — 
" the impressment ofAmerican seamen by the British — the 
blockade of her enemiet-' ports, in consequence of which 
the American commerce had been plundered in every sea, 
and the British orders in council,*' which were subcnitted 
to Congress, whether they would endure them any longer 
or resort to arms. On the 1&A\ of June an act was passed 
in the hou.-e of representatives, by a vote of 79 in the af- 
firmative and -19 in the negative, and in the senate by a 
majority of i9 to 13, declaring war againstCJreat-Britain. 
A consideruLle portion of the citizens of the United States 
were decidedly opposed to this measure. Exercisino^ the 
undoubted rights of freemen, they exaniined with the se- 
verest scrutiny the njeasures and motives of the govern- 
ment. The war they asiserted to be unnecessary, partial 
and unwise; that it was unnecessary, because in their oiin- 
ion a s^itisfactory adjustment of all disputes might have 
been elFected by farther negotiation ; that it was partial, be- 
cause France had given g.-ater provocation, in propor- 
tion to her means of annoyance, than (ireat-I3ritain ; that 
it was unwise, because the nation was not prepared for 
war ; and further, by declaring it against ahr.o^t the only 
remaining enemy of France, the United States indirectly 
but powerfully aided the Emperor ofFranre in his attrmpts 
at the subjugation of the world ; and finally, the advanta- 
ges sought to be obtained vould be more than counter- 
balanced by the expense and sulieringfj of the nation.— 



176 . HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Tlie bounds of temperate and candid discussion were ex- 
ceeded by a virulence of invective which no government 
should be the subject of that is not manifestly corrupt. 

Soon after the declaration of war rendezvous for enlis- 
ting soldiers were opened in Vermont, and a cantonmer.t 
for the northern army was fixed at Burlington. The quota 
of militia demanded by the president of the United States 
were called upon to march by orders from the governor j 
subject howe\ er to service only within the United States. 
Nothing of importance transpired this year in the nrmj 
within the territorial bounds of this state. 

In Octol^er, 1S12, the legislature assembled at Mont- 
pclier, and Mr. Galusha was again elected to preside over 
the state. His zeal for supporting the administration of 
tlie general government was very forcibly expressed in his 
speech to the legislature. After representing the injuries 
nnd injustice done to the federal government by the Brit- 
ish nation, end their submission to the cruel edicts and 
arbitrary power of that kingdom, he remarks : Although 
fiome doubt the propriety of the measures adopted, yet war 
being declared by the constituted authorities of our coun- 
try, it ought no longer to remain a question of policy, but 
it has become a duty of the state governments, and of 
every individual, with promptitude to espouse the sacred 
cause of cur injured country' — to second the nieasures of 
our general government — provide for the defence and safe^ 
ty of our citizens, and witli zeal pursue such measures as 
will tend to procure an acknowledgment of our national 
rights — a release of our impressed seamen — remo\e Iho 
encroachments on the grand liighway of nations — put a 
final period to (he calamities of war, and estaMish a per- 
mQneal aud honorable peace. " Is it possible to conceive 
tiiat any citizen, living under such a mild government, 
can bo so destitute of a principle of patriotism, and so lost 
to their own interest, as, through a fond passion for a for- 
eign power, the violence of party zeal or a sordid spirit of 
avarice, to betray tiie just cause of their suflering coun- 
try, prolong the horrors of war, invoke the vengeance of 
Heaven, and be guilty of the blood of thousands by devo- 
ting their talents and yielding their support to a nation 
whose pledged faith has been so often violated, and whoso 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 177 

tencler mercies have by experience proved (o consist in 
cruelty." Party resentment was wrouglit up to the high- 
est pitch of irritation. They dcriounced eacli other as en- 
emies to their common country, and under tl;e influence 
and domination of foreign powers. 

The answer to the governor's speech was kindled to d 
blaze of resentment against the federal party, as the trans- 
cribed sentiments plainly indicate. "Vv'e hope, when the 
blir.ding influence of the present black eiectiGi.cerin^ 
wl}irlwind shall have j;assed away, the returning good 
sense and candor of a large portion of cur disappointed 
citizens will lead them to see clearly, consider carefully 
nnd pursue vigorously the great cause you have recom- 
mended to oi;r attention." Ihe party in pcv/er entered so 
engiigedly upon the measures of the general government 
as to exceed the bounds of prudence in seme of their pro- 
ceedings. 

A niajority of the general assembly of Vermont, think- 
ing that the difiiculties of the tim.es required their senti- 
ments to be kI.o>^n among the otl.er states, adopted a res- 
olution that the constituted authorities of our country hav- 
ing declared war between the United States and Great- 
Britain and her dependencies, it is our duly as citizens to 
support the measure; otherwise we sl.ould identify our- 
Belves with the enemy, with no other diflererce tl an that 
of locality. " We therefore pledge ourselves to each 
other and to our government, tliat with cur individual ex- 
ertions, our exaniple and influence, we will support our 
government and country in the present contest, and relj 
on the great Arbiter ot events for a fa\orahIe result. — 
This resolution was adopted by 128 in the .' fni mative and 
79 in the negati\ e. Those mem.bers ^\ ho voted in the neg- 
fitive drew up a protest and entered itu'pori the journals of 
the house, with the following reasons lor their dissent: — 
" Although we feel ourselves ur.der the most sacred obli- 
gation to yield a prompt and faithful ol)cdience to every kw 
of tlie general government and to support with our lives 
all that is dear to freemen, tlie independence of our coun- 
try, yet it is no less our duty as men and as gujirdians of 
the public good, to express our decided disapprobation of 
any law or measure of the government, vhich,cn a candid 



ITS HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

examincition an J due consideration, we are compelled to 
believe impolitic and injurious to the public ; and by all 
lawful means, we will endeavor to remove the evil by ef- 
fecting a change in the measures of the administration or 
by changing the administration itself. We verily believe 
tiiat the resol'jhon is calculated to confirm, and establish a 
doctrine incompatible with and subversive of the true 
principle of a republican government, inasmuch as it as- 
sumes the princijile that because "war is declared, we 
are bound as citizens not only to yield prompt obedience 
to all the requisitions of government, but alyo to use our 
individ'Jal intluonce in support of its measures ; other- 
wise we should identify ourselves with the enemy;'' — con- 
ceiving it utterly impossible that in the fair, open and hon- 
e:Lvt exercise of our duties as citizens-, we can consist- 
ently use our infiuence in favor of a measure of which wo 
ourselves disapprove.*' These dissenting members une- 
quivocally expressed their disapprobation of the declara- 
tion of war, by pronouncing it premature, inexpedient and 
likefy to be extremely injurious to the people. Such were 
the extreme points to which almost every act of the 
legislature was pressed, that scarcely any quarter of the 
Union discovered more zeal and preparation for carrying 
forward the measures of the general government. By one 
act all the intercourse between the citizens of this state 
and the province of Lower Canada was prohibited, with- 
out a permit from the governor, under a penalty of one 
thousand dollars and imprisonment to hard labor in the 
state's penitentiary for the term of seven years. All trade 
between the subjects of the same governiiients was also 
forbidden. Stales attornies and grand jurors were em- 
powered to enter a complaint before any magistrate in the 
state. Justices of the peace were privileged with the pow- 
er of inspecting trunks or the papers and letters- of any 
person travelling to or from tlie province of Canada with- 
out a warrant, and could call to their assistance the citi- 
zens of the state, to carry into etiect the provisions of the 
law. 13y another act, the body or property of any officer 
or soldier belonging to this state, while in actual service, 
on whom a writ of summons or attchment may have been 
served, should not be holden nor should a judgement be 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 179 

rendered thereon or any writ of execution be issued after 
tlie passage of this art against sucli officer or soldier on 
on}' judgment then already obtained. 

Several other laws were passed during this session of 
the legislature, worthy of a passing notice. A tax of one 
cent on each acre of land was granted, in addition to the 
usual assessment on the grand list, for the support of gov^ 
crnment, and another law regulating the method of de- 
taching the militia and increasing tlie pay of the officers 
and soldiers drafted in compliance with the directions 
of the President of the United States, to the sum of three 
dollars and Si cents per month, received the snnction of 
the legislative councils of the state. The expenditures of 
the government of Vermont for the present year exceeded 
those of any former one by a very large amount. Tho 
occasion of this was the defensive operations of the gov- 
ernment in arming and supporting the militia to defend 
the frontiers. The effect of these legislative regulations 
aroused the indignation and resentment of the people to 
such a degree that there began to be a re-action of feel- 
ing. Numbers took part with those opposed to the meas- 
ures of administration, and so great was the depression of 
business, arising from the restrictions upon conjmerce, 
that the measures of the general government berome of- 
fensive to many of its former supporters. ?\^othing was 
left undone, whether true or false, to render the proceed' 
ings of the state or federal government odious to the peo- 
ple ; the war was declared unjust and destitute of all ad- 
vantage to any excepting Bonaparte and the French gov- 
ernment ; the restraints on commerce, calculated to in- 
crease crimes rather than starve the enemy, and the diili- 
culties between the United States and the sovereigns of 
Europe, were removed in fact by their amicable propositions 
and willingness to make every reparation that justice 
could demand. These and the representations -of the op- 
position, operated so powerfully as to give a majority on 
the part -of the federalists and place the government of the 
state in their power. 

1S13. Political controversies this year exceeded in 
violence any thing of the kind that had ever occurred 
eince the first settlement of the State. Electioneering 



180 HISTORY OF VERMOxNT. 

plans were pursued by the most unfair and reproachful 
measures. Misrepresentation and abuse were the prom- 
inent instruments employed in their proceedings. Secret 
societies were organized for the avowed purpose of doing 
acts of benevolence and cultivating a taste for literary 
pursuits, but in fact for the object of political ascendency. 
The party opposed to the war strengthened th.eir cause 
nnd increased their numbers by the general concert effect- 
ed through the agency of these societies. So odious had 
tiie ret^trictive system become to the people accustomed to 
free trade, and so direful was the turmoil of war, when 
compared to a situation of independence and peace, that 
the federalists increased in numbers very rapidly. 

No choice of a governor being made by the people, the 
election of course devolved upon the house. The parties 
arrayed themselves in the strength of their nimibers, which. 
upon trial, were found to be equally divided, Eflbrt at 
persuasion were perfectly unavailing; conciliation could 
not be expected between parties so exasperated in their 
feelings. Great feats at maneuvering were attempted, 
and plans devised to obtain a conqueyt, but their numbers 
continued equal. The election of Mr. Chittenden, tho 
federal candidate, was at last carried, by a very small ma- 
jority, and anotlier gentleman of his political tenets for 
lieutena'..t governor. Much was said and done about the 
improper means employed by certain members nnd other 
gentlemen, in trying to influence the vote of one Carpus 
Clark, a member from Worcester, or hire him to leave 
the State before an opportunity for giving his vote for the 
governor, occurred. Mr. Clark, wlio was tampered wi(h 
to vote for the tbderal candidate, was a republican, and 
gave his suffrages for the administration party. In the 
progress of their management, attempts were made to hire 
him at an extravagant price, to convey a load from Ver- 
mont to Boston : the property to be transported consisted 
of such articles as were necessary to be there by a certain 
time, let the expenises or difhculties be what the/ would. 
They next concerted the plan of buying his real estate, 
which was situated in Worcester, and place him under a 
contract to remove imm.ediately from this to the western 
.country. Several oflers v.ere made by the agents of difr 



HISTORY OF VERJMONT. 181 

ferent parties in this disgraceful proceeding to sway his 
feeble oral least his tempted uiiderstandiDgfrom thecuurse 
of duty and iiis oath. One did it with a view of heing ben- 
efited by his vote, and tlie other, the federalists, for hav- 
ing less strength against them by his absence. On ac- 
count of his guilt, arising from an improper course of con- 
duct in suffering himself to be trifled with, and setting up 
his elective franchises for sale to the highest bidder, a 
committee was appointed to enquire into conduct so dis- 
creditable and derogatory to the dignity of the house. — 
This delegation reported a resolution that Carpus Clark, 
for dishonorable conduct, onglit to be expelled from the 
legislative body. Afterwards, by an actof the legislature, 
he was ejected from the privileges of a representative. — 
These proceedings were protested against by 31 of the 
members, who voted in the minority on the explusion of 
Mr. Clark, and the proceedings were entered upon ihe 
journals. 

A remonstrance against t'le election of Mr. Chittenden 
to the office of governor of this state, was laid before the 
council and representatives in joint comn.ittce, which pro- 
vided that 151 case the facts set lorth in said memorial should 
be supported, tiiat they proceed by joint ballot of both hou- 
ses to elect a gov. of the state for the year ensuing. After 
a lengthy debate, the governor elect appeared in ihe house, 
accompanied by tlie lieutenant governor and council, and 
after the necessary qualifications, he, among other mat- 
ters of business, expressed his views upon the subject of 
tiie militia in this manner: — " I have always consider- 
ed this force peculiarly adapted and exclusively assigned 
for the service and protection of the respective states, ex- 
cepting in the cases provided for by the national constitu- 
tion, to wit, to exectite the laws of the Union, suppress 
insurrection, and repel invasion. It never could have been 
contemplated by the wise framers of our excellent consti- 
tution, who, it appears, in the mobt cautious manner, guar- 
tled the sovereignty of the states, or was guarded by tho 
states which adopted it, that the whole body of the militia 
could not, by any kind of magic, at once be transformed 
into a regular army for the purpose of foreign conquest; 
Rnd it is to be regretted that a construction should ever 

16 



im HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

have been given to the constitution so peculiarly burden- 
some and oppressive to that important class of our fellovr 
citizens.'' 

At this season of war and the call for large detachments 
of militia, no subject presented for lofrislative consideration 
could have aroused the exertions and sensibilities of the 
people more than this. It called forth public indignation 
to be obliged to contribute men and money in support of a 
war which they considered unprovoked, unnecessary and 
unwise. Various constructions were given to this clause 
of the constitution, which declares the president empower- 
ed in certain cases to call tiie militia into actual service. — 
Those who opposed the measures of the government dis- 
puted the power of the federal executive to call the militia 
at any event into a war of invasion or out of the limits of 
the state, for any other causes than thote above mention- 
ed. The sentiments of the federal party upon this subject 
are fully expressed in this paragraph of their answer to tho 
message: — "When we candidly view our political and 
commercial reUitions, our diplomatic intercourse with 
France and Great-Britain, and tlie injuries received from 
both, we are compelled to doubt the necessity, expedien- 
cy and justice of tho present war. Its continuence is still 
more unnecessary, as the orders in council, the principal 
^Hedged causes, were removed before tb.e declaration of 
war was known in Greai-Britain, and within a reasonable 
time after the promulgation of the repeal of the Berlin and 
Milan decrees ; inexpedient,as Great-Biitain never claim.- 
ed a right to impress American sen men, and their practice 
of impressment was never considered a sutncient or justi- 
fiable cause of war by the former administrations, but a 
subject of amicable negotiation. We regret that the trea- 
ty made by Messrs. Munroe and Pinckney, in 1806, and 
the provisions for a final adjustment ofall ditferences which 
were considered by them to be perfectly safe and honora- 
ble to our country, had never been laid before the Senate 
of the United States, and adopted, which would have pre- 
vented all the restrictive measures of the general govern- 
ment and tlie calamitice and demoralizing efiects of an 
expensive war. The conquest of the Canadas will be an 
/nadequate compensation for the blood and treasure which 



iilSTORY OF VERMONT. 18^ 

tfiust bo lost. And we have yet to learn that an offcnsivo 
War upon t'uc Canviclas will defend and secure the rigiits 
of oar seamen upon the ocean." Sevonty-nine nieniberBv 
who voted in the negative on the reported answer to hia 
excellency's speech, entered upon the journals some of 
their reasons for so doing. They believed that an improp- 
er attempt was made to excite the sympathies of the people 
in favor of a corrupt government of tlieold world, and 
that the militia in the present case had not been called into 
actual service or for any other purpose than that contem- 
plated in the constitution.- And further, that no safe and 
honorable terms had been offered by the bcHigerant nations 
of Europe to the American republic ? that their commerce 
liad been dispoiled, their ports blockaded and their citizens 
impressed on board of the English navy, and that all the 
offers of our government at a reconciliation had been an- 
swered with insults. An appeal to arms they considered 
the only way to vindicate the suffering honor of their coun- 
try; and, since thisalterni^tive was resorted to, they con- 
sidered themselves in duty bound to sustain and encourage 
it with their honor,pobsessions and lives. Feelings so spir- 
ited could not easily bo checked; They declared that 
they could not recommend an arquiescence in tiie assumed 
right of Great-Britain to revive her orders in council at 
pleasure nor sanction the monstrous principle of Britisii 
impressment. 

After the choice of the civil officers for the year ensu- 
ing was made out, several acts were pnssed in direct op- 
position to some of the last session. The militia called 
into actual service were by the present law rendered a- 
menable in person and proj)erty to a civil process. The 
etatute prohibiting all intercourse between the British gov- 
ernment and Vermont, was repealed; and a provision 
for the militia drafted out into the service of this state, was 
derived from a tax of one cent upon the dollar on the grand 
list. Three new judges of the supreme court were elected 
from tliose who were opposed to the war and general 
measures of the administration, and other changes were 
effected among the lower grades of appointments. 80 
great was tlie zeal between the parties, that they denomi- 
oated each other tories, traitors and enemies to the coua- 



184 HISTORY OF VERMONT, 

try and tiio general intere'^ts of the land. 

The liberties taken hy the deputies of the custoni house 
departments, ;ind the authority given to justices of peace 
to stop and searcli the premises of any person they chose," 
without a warrant from the civil authority, caused great 
personal conflicts and a constant irruption of the peace of 
society. In charging the grand jury, the supreme court 
directed them to make inquiry and present all cases where 
p.eople were searched tor property without a warrant, and 
on trials |)arties were not justified in molesting people and 
taking their property by virtue of a commission only. — 
The frontier towns upon Canada line were subject to great 
disturb.ances and strife by reason of the smuggling trans- 
actions. Resistance had in no instance proceeded to more 
tearful extremities than in the north-east part of the state. 
'Sometime about tho coTnmencement of the year 181;^ 
Mr. Samuel Beanh, c^i Canaan, received a permit from 
the governor to go into Canada for the purpose of repair- 
ing a saw mill. Having sent forv/ard bis workmen and 
teams, he, proceeded on at^erwards, when his team was 
taken by John Dennet and others, and drove back to 
Canaan ; but Beach, in attempting to regain his team, 
wavS fjred upon by Dennet and killed. Dennet and his as- 
sociates were taken and committed to jail, trorn which tho 
former escaped in January tollowing into the adjoining 
wilderness, where he continued until August, when he was 
re-taken, but not until he wnt^ mortally wounded by his 
pursuers. Dennet resisted, and it appears v.hile he was 
attempting to kill one JMorgnn, he was shot by 8j)erry, one 
of the pursuers, in 1814. The business ofsmuggling, thus 
ftttended with blood-shed, violence and rapine, was kept 
up, although the perpetrators of such oflences were indict- 
ed in the courts of llie $taie as well as the United St-i-tes. 
On t!)e 23d of July, of the present year, a party of 
smugglers proceeded from Missisque bay to St. Albans. — 
On their way they increased their numbers to about eightv 
and were all armed v.'ith pistols and other weapons. Mr. 
Hathaway, of Svvanton, who was riding by unconscious of 
danger, was rushed U[)on by them and forced from liis 
liorse into a house, and there beaten in a most shocking 
manner. A grand juror from St. Albans made one of tliia 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 1S5 

riotous company. Tliis mob declared their dctermiuatioii 
to give Georgia a scouring and root out tlie liigh-waj 
robbers, as they called the custom house ofiicers. After 
appointing one of their company to the command, they 
took a Mr. Anthony along with them as a prisoner. Halt- 
ing on the way at Mr. BJodgct's?, of Georgia, they awoke 
him from sleep and gave him information that the smug- 
glers had come, and they wanted his assistance in captur- 
ing them. Mr. Blodgct and his sons had no sooner arriv- 
ed at the place of their collection, than he was levclleri to 
the ground by their clubs. One of his arms was broken, 
his head and body were wotmded in various places. The 
windows of his house were broken in and a Mr. Congf^r 
was taken a prisoner. Trocceding on their way to tho 
south part of (Teorgia,they called on a Mrs.Hubbell,in the 
absence of her husband, to leave her house, declaring that 
on their return they should destroy it. An ofiicer of the cus- 
tom house department, supposing they had smuggled goods, 
requested them to stop, when suddenly they surrounded 
Messrs. Dee, Barker and Robinson, took them and ti- 
ed their arms behind with cords, and rode off three 
miles w^ith their prisoners to Mrs. Hyde's, in Georgia. — 
Here a large number of citizens soon after collected to 
oppose them with arms. Wlien, discovering their dan- 
ger, they immediately dispersed. 

Governor Moses Robinson, one of the principal men 
in the early settlement and organization of a government 
in Vermont, died this year, lie was possessed of a vig- 
orous and discriminating mind, cool and deliberate judg* 
ment, and of free and independent principles. The public 
were long and faithfully served by him, in the various ca* 
pacities of judge, senator in Congress, and [governor of 
the State. 

The general assembly convened in October oftbe present 
year, ISll; but there was no choice made of a governor 
bj the people. Pains or trouble had not been spared in 
electioneering for the respective candidates for governor, 
but all their exertion, trouble and industry proved ineffect- 
ual and unavailing, as the votes returned stood ncarly.equak 
The election w^as again taken before the house, and Mr. 
Chittenden was chosen to preside over the state: the 

IG* 



196 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

lieutenant governor, the secretary of state, and theexeco'* 
tire council, were re electer), all of whom professed prin- 
ciples of federalism ; the latter were appointed by tha 
Bulfrages of the people. 

Concerning the achievements within or near the juris- 
dictional boandaries of Vermont, it was well observed by 
governor- Chittenden, in his speech to the legislatnre, that 
these glorious deeds are not surpassed in the records of 
naval or military wat fare. New lustre is added to the na- 
tional character. Having commented upon the brilliant 
achievements, the brave and patriotic conduct of the offi- 
cers and soldiers at the battle of Plattsburgh, he has these 
observations on the subject of the war it] wliich our coun- 
try was unfortunately engaged : — "1 feel disposed at this 
critical period to say as little as may be consistent with my 
duty," about the causes and origin of the war. *'i]ut I 
consider it due to myself, and more especially to my con- 
©tituents, explicitly to state tliat the events of the war havo 
in no instance altered my opinion of its origin or pro- 
gress, Ihave conscientiously and uniformly disapproved 
of it, as unnecessary, unwise and hopeless in all itsoOen-- 
sive operations. .4nd notwithstanding the few brilliant 
successes we have met with in cur operations of defence, I 
can see very little in its general co-mplexion which affords 
the least consolation. iMany very considerable places on 
our sea-board are now in the possession of the enemy. — • 
The capital of our country, that proud monument of bet- 
ter times, has been possessed and destroyed by the ene- 
my — a humiliating reflection to- every real American." — ■ 
An answer was returned by the house, which contained 
sentiments honorable to the enlightened body from which 
jt eminated. For manner of cx[ircssion and favorable sen- 
timents entertained concerning those brave and skilful de- 
fenders of the northern frontiers, the production is a dis- 
tinguished elfort at conciliation between the parties. 

The minority r.gr.inst the passage of the vote for an- 
■wering governor Chittenden's speech, entered their pro- 
tefit upon the journals of the house, in these words: that 
they could not join in the declaration that good order and 
peace had prevailed throughout the state during the paet 
^«ar more generally than in former yeare ; but. on iba 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 137 

contrary, for the whole year past the laws of the United 
Slates have been entirely disregarded and boldly set at de- 
fiance, in the prosecution of a continued and almost unin- 
terrupted illicit intercourse between this state and tho 
British provinces of Lower Canada, is a truth wliich it 
la in vain for this house to endeavor to suppress or contra- 
dict In addition, every other kind of unlawful com- 
merce, contrary to the most fundamental principles of la\y 
end justice, has constantly been and still is continually 
carried on among us, furnishing provisions and other neces- 
saries of war,for the support of those very armies and fleeta 
Rgair.st which we are contending, and which are destined 
for our destruction. And it is with the deepest regret we are- 
compelled to slate that from the sanction and encourage- 
ment which have been aiTorded to these treasonable prac- 
tices by a portion of our citizens, it has been utterly im- 
possible to prevent or to put an end to their commission. 
The correspondence between governor Chittenden, 
James Monroe, then secretary of the United States, 
generals Strong, Newell and Macomb, was called up by 
a resolution in the house of representatives. The commu- 
nications commence with a request trom general Macomb 
to governor Chittenden for a detachment of Vermont mil- 
itia to assist hiriT at Plattsburgh, as the enemy were fast 
advancing towards that place. Fearful apprehensions 
were entertained for the safety of the town, and aid was ac* 
tually wanted, as the garrison was small and tlic enemy 
in considerable force. The answer of the executive to thia 
request was replete with assurances that the nK)st effect- 
tjal measures should be taken to furnish such a number of 
volunteers as may be induced to turn out for the assistance 
of the general. A letter was transmitted by his excellen- 
cy to general Newell, recommending him to take the n-ost 
cflectual measures to procure as many volunteers as could 
be collected from the immediate vicinity, for the assist- 
ance of general Macomb. General Newell, in reply, sta- 
ted that whenever he was called upon to order out hi» 
brigade, he should hold himself in readiness to obey ; but 
from what was stated in his excellency's letter, he could 
do no more than to request the voluntary services of the 
niililia over whom he had the command, which might ba 



183 HISTOllY OF VERMONT. 

followed or not, just as they chose to act with regard to 
the suhject. In a further call and explanation of Mn 
Ciiittenden, he said he had no constitutional power to or- 
der the Vermont militia out of the state. He therefore 
earnestly requested that forces should volunteer, and re- 
presented it as' ills opinion that such measures would have 
more effect tlian an attempt to assume an unauthorized 
})ower, on all such as were willing to turn out for the de- 
fence of their country. A request was then made by col- 
onel Fassett, on the governor, for a quantity of ammuni- 
tion, which was subject to his order at Vergennes. Per* 
mission was given to the colonel to take the same, if there 
was any, at the place above mentioned. About this time, 
the governor's military aid, A. W. Barnum, Esq. and 
Samuel tSwift, Esq. secretary to the governor and coun- 
cil, were sent to confer with general Macomb, at Platts- 
burgh, and obtain his opinion upon their undertakings to 
furnish assistance. A large number of volunteers from 
Franklin, Chittenden, Addison, Rutland, and Grand-Isle 
counties had crossed over the lake and placed themselves 
under the command of major-general Samuel Strong, with 
a determination to defend the honor and independence of 
their country, at the risk of all that was valuiible to them, 
their lives and possessions. 

From the encampment at Plattsburgh, General Strong 
•addressed letters to his friends in Vermont, dated the 10th 
nndlith of September, staling that the British had arrived 
with an army of 8 or 9009 men, and the volunteers, who 
liad then joined them at the encampment, from Vermont, 
amounted to 1SI2, and 700 of the same grade of forces 
had assembled from the adjoining parts of New-York, and 
that general JNIooers was inmiediately expected with two 
thousand of militia more : these, together with 2000 reg- 
ulars,constituted the whole force to meet and contest the 
field witli the veteran forces of Europe. It was also etated 
tliat 2500 volunteers from Vermont, had encamped on 
the south bank of the Saranac, opposite to the enemy's 
right wing, commanded by general Brisbrane. Gover- 
nor Chittenden was informed in a letter from general 
8trong,dated the 11th of September, from the same place, 
that they had the satisfaction of seeing the British fleet 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 189 

strike to the brave commodore McDonough. Attempts 
were m;n]e at several places, to cross over the river, but 
Vvere foiled, except at Pike's encampment. Skirniishings 
had been kept up during the day, when twenty or thirty of 
tiiG enemy were taken prisoners, but the nuniber killed 
was unknown. In his last correspondence with Mr. Chit- 
tenden, written at Vergennes, on the 10th of the same 
month, he mentioned their success in repelling the enemy, 
and his mortiiication on learning that th.e citizens of a 
government like ours, where all otliccrs are limited in 
their official powers, urging the propriety of that power, 
being exceeded in an unconstitutional and arbitrary man" 
ner. . 

Dispatches were also addressed to the governor of Ver- 
mont, by James Monroe, Secretary of the United States, 
requesting a force of 2000 militia to assist general Ma- 
comb in defending Plattsburgh and" the northern frontiers. 

To meritorious deeds nothing is more pleasiiig than tns' 
tiraonials of gratitude. It recompenses the sufferings of 
war and the privations of distress. The government of 
the United States have very carefully attributed those hon- 
ors to the heroic achievmiCnts of their citizens, which their 
conduct and bravery deserve. The thanks of the general 
government w^ere given to the brave and patriotic citizens 
of Vermont, for their prompt succor and gallant conduct 
in the late critical state of the northern frontier. The le- 
gislature of this state also resolved that their thanks bo 
presented to general Macomb and his compatriots in 
arms — to general Strong and the patriotic volunteers of 
Vermont, and likewise to commodore McDonough, lieu- 
tenants Cassin, Smith and Budd, and the subordinate of- 
ficers and crew of his squadron, in testimony of the high 
i^ense entertained by the legislature ot their distinguished 
bravery and good conduct on the memorable 11th of Sep- 
tember, 1S14, which ended in the repulse of the land for- 
ces and capture of the British squadron on lake Cham- 
plain. The legislature passed an act directing and em- 
powering the treasurer of the state to make out, or cause 
to be made out a good and sufficient deed to captain Mc- 
Donough, of a "certain tract of land belonging to this 
etatQ, lying near Cumberland Head, in the state of New- 



190 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

York, in full view ofthe splendid naval engagement fought 
under his command, on the ever memorable 11th of Bep- 
tember, 1S14, to be presented by the governor to captain 
McDonough, in testimony of the high veneration enter- 
tained by this legislature for his distinguished services."'^ 
During this session ofthe legislature a communication 
tvas received from the president ofthe senate and speaker 
ofthe house of representatives ofthe state of Massachu- 
setts, accompanied with a resolution from that body invi- 
ting ihe legislature of Vermont to appoint delegates, if 
they sliould deem it expedient, fb meet and confer with 
such delegates as may be appointed by the other New- 
England stijtes. Massaclmsetts!, Rhode-Island and Con- 
necticut elected delegates, but New-Hampshire neglect- 
ed to send ; and Vermont, by a vote of the legislature, 
unanimously refused to appoint aoy. On the 15th of De- 
cember, the«e delegates, together with two appointed by 
counties in Now-Ham.pshire, and one similarly elected in 
Vermont, convened at the city of Hartford, in Connecti- 
cut. They held a secret session of near three weeks, and 
proceeded to suggest several alterations in the federal 
constitution, witii a view to their adoption by the several 
states in the Ui.ion. Upon their adjournment, they pub- 
lished an address to the people, in which, with bold and 
forcible language, they enumerated the measures ofthe 
national govenimcnt supposed to be particularly destruct- 
ive to the intere!?ts of New-England and tiiose engaged i;i 
commerce, and proposed such amendments to the cont^ti- 
tution as would hereafter prevent tiie adoption of similar 
measures. Seven articles of amendment were suggested: 
first, that representatives and direct taxes shall be apor- 
tioncd to the nunjber of free persons : secondly, that no 
new state shall be admitted into the Union witlsout the 
concurrence of two thirds of both houses : thirdly, that 
Congress shall not have power to lay an embargo for 
more than sixty days : fourthly, that Congress shall not 
interdict commercial ititercourse, without tlie concurrence 
of both houses : fifthly, that war shall not be declared 
without the concurrence of a similar mnjority : sixthly, 
that no person unnaturalized shall be eligible as a member 
of the senate and house of representatives, or hold an/ 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 191 

jcivil office under the authority of the United States : and 
seventhly, that no person shall be elecfed twice to the 
presidency, nor I he president be elected from the same 
state two terms in succession. 

In defence of the convention, it was urged that the sit- 
Qation of tlie country was such as occasioned serious 
grounds of alarm, to reflecting men. The operations of 
the war had been singularly disastrous ; the recruiting 
service languished ; tlie national treasury w;:s ahnost pen- 
nyless ; the national credit was siiaken, and loans wero 
effected at a ruinous discount. The New-Englard sea- 
board was left exposed to the enemy, and instead of se- 
curing the confidence of the people in the eastern States, 
by filling the civil and military posts-, under the general 
government, with known talents and character, the ad- 
ministration conunittcd the interests of the nation, at a 
critical period, to men contemned by a vast mr.jority of the 
people in the ^States. They further considered the calling 
of a convention, which, Yrom the earliest history of New- 
England, had been customary to be done in times of dan- 
ger, as a very judicious and proper measure. The oppo- 
sition of the federal party to the measures of the general 
government, sunk very rapidly, both in numbers and pop- 
ularity. A war of defence had now united the feelings of 
the people, and the glorious achievements obtained by tho 
northern army, rendered their construction about consti- 
tutional powers and puivileges, quite unpopular with a 
majority of the public. They began to consider it would 
be riglit for the governor to comply with the requisitiona 
of tho president, or at least, it would be a piece of good 
policy had the militia been ordered to the assistence of 
their brethren in arms, at tlie invasion of Plattsburgh. 

To every action in bodies, there is a corresponding re- 
action, and so it is with respect to the evolutions of thought 
in political aiT.iirs and the government of a country. The 
federalists of this State perceived their numbers receding 
to a minority among the whole body of the people. Their 
ambition was directed to measures for sustaining their sit- 
uation, rather than for opposing the views and inclinations 
of the other party. Conciliations were attempted in their 
deliberations and by their votes, but it was all to no pur- 



192 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

pose : federalism had found its grave in the returning 
peace of the country. Numerous bills of a local and pri- 
vate nature were passed this session. Amongst which, 
were several incorporating manufacturing companies. — 
This branch of industry had received considerable atten- 
tion, since the irruptions which- the war had occasioned to 
the country, 



CHAPTER YIII, 



Condition of the United States at the commencement of 
hostilities with Great-Britain in 1812. — General Dear- 
born appointed coniniander-in-chief — Northern cam' 
paignfor 1812. — Expedition againf^t Canada^ under 
the commnnd of general Hull. — Surrender of his Ar^ 
my, — Attack uponQueensfown hy general Van Rensseh 
aer.— Disorderly conduct of the militia. — Capture of 
the American forces. — Exploits of Captain Wool. — 
Proceedings of general Smythe. — Abandonment of his 
enterprise against the British provinces. — Military op- 
erations at Champlain. — Overtures for peace by the 
American government. — Termination of the campaign 
for 1312. 

We shall nov/ revert to the commencement of hostilities 
between the United States and Great-Britain, as a detail 
pf civil and military events concurring at the same period 
of time could not be given without a great interrup- 
tion of each particular subject. The order of time was 
considered, tiierefore, of much less importance than a dis- 
tinct view on subjects of separate interest. It will now be 
necessary to leave the political history of the ytate, at tho 
termination of the year 1S14, and take up one of more im- 
posing and momentous concern, beginning with the sum- 
mer of 

1312. The people of the United States proudly recol- 
lected the patriotism and bravery displayed by their forces 
in the revolutionary war, and a majority of them calcula- 
ted that the operations of the present war would be such 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 193 

as to secure to them a speedy victory over the enemy. — 
Tliey did not reflect that peace liacl enervtitcd the mihlorv 
energies of the republic, while their enemies, l)y contin- 
ual exercise in arms, had accumulated not only additional 
strength, but greater skill to use and apply it. A selec- 
tion was made from those veteran officers Vv'ho had acqui- 
red honor for their bravery in the former conflict, to till 
the principal posts in the new army. Henry Dearborn, 
one of the survivors of t!ie revolutionary war, was appoint- 
ed major-general and commander-in-chief of the army 
in the Uiiitcd States. He was present at the memorabie 
battle of Bunker-Hill, and served as a captain under Ar- 
nold, in t'ne expedition against Cluebec. After a series of 
distinguished cransactions, he was before tlie close of tlie 
war promoted to the rank of colonel, and afterwards dis- 
charged the duties of secretary of war with exemplary in- 
dustry and skill. Thomas Pinckney, of South-Curolina, 
^vas also appointed to an equal grade of commission. — 
And Wilkinson, Hull, Hampton and Bloomfield, receivie<j 
commissions of brigadier generals. 

The head quarters of the cemmander-in~chief were fixed 
at G rcenbush, opposite to Albany, and the forces acting 
under his direction, composed principally of the ?>I"ew-York 
militia, were stationed at PJattsburgh and the Niagara 
frontiers. Those at the latter place acted under the com- 
mand of generals Porter and Hal), and ihe forces at De- 
troit were directed by brigadier-general Hull 

It may be proper, by way of digression, to observe that 
in giving an account of the late v.'ar, with reference to the 
history of the state, a brief survey of the whole proceed- 
ings upon the northern frontier v.ill be t.iken, some of 
which may not come within the immediate scope of our 
narrative of the state. 

The military establishment of the United States, upon 
(he declaration of war, was in a very defective condition. 
Congress had voted to enlist twenty-five thousand volun- 
teers, and to call out one huadred thousand militia, for t!;© 
purpose of defending tlie frontiers and (he sea-coast. Bet 
the want of good and experienced ofllicers was severely 
felt. Government now contemplated, 'and gave orders to 
Ituve Canada invaded from the differeat posto upon t)t« 

17 



194 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

lines, as soon as sufficient forces for this purpose could be 
obtained. About one month after the declaration, 2000 
regulars and volunteers, under the command of general 
Hull, invaded the British provinces. At the same time, 
he issued a pompous proclamation to the Canadian settlers, 
offering them the great blessing of civil and religious lib- 
erty, and declaring in a tone of dictation *' that his force 
was sufficient to break down all opposition," and that a 
much greater one was soon to arrive. His calculations 
Avere probably to capture Maiden, and then proceed tf> 
Montreal. Useless delays and ill-timed resolutions des- 
troyed all the confidence of the Canadians, and the zeal 
and ambition of the troops. The reinforcement at Mai- 
den and the surrender of Dptroit to the British and In- 
dians, who were marching down the river in numbers far 
i»urpassing the American forces, so affrighted general 
Hull that he immediately commenced a retreat back to 
Detroit. He was pursued with a large foree^of militia and 
Indians, under the command cf general Brock. "The A- 
merican fortifications were effectually cannonaded on the 
I5th of August, from the batteries erected by the British, 
opposite to Detroit On the next day, the enemy passed 
the river and encamped about three miles above the city. 
General Brock resaWed to march precipitately and at- 
tack the fort, as the American forces were then absent, 
and from his past experience concluded that be should 
meet with no obstacle or resistance on the way. On re- 
ceiving intelligence- of the eeemy^'s approach, the troopa 
under the command of general Hulj, anticipating an easy 
conquest, manifested a brave and deliberate course of 
'conduct. But to their surprise, Hull directed them-ti? 
proceed immediately to the fort. 

The troops became insubordinate and crowded into tbe 
fort without any order tVora the general, depositing their 
arms upon the ground. The army becoming so tumultu- 
ous and the belief that myriads of Indians were without 
ready to fall upon the inhabitants, operated so powerfully 
upon the mind ofthe commander that he hung out a whito 
flag from the fort, demanding protection from the British. 
A capitulation was concluded without provision for hi« 
army or the safety of hi« Canadian allies. Public proper- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 195 

t-y was given up — the regular troops surrendered as pris- 
oners of war; and the militia returned home, not to serve 
again during the war, unless exchanged. The belief gen- 
erally prevailed that Hull was either a coward or a traitor. 
80 disgraceful a transaction originating at a place where 
success was confidently anticipated, caused in every part 
of the republic feelings of shame and astonishment. Dis- 
appointed at the failure of this expedition, general Hull's 
conduct was universally censured. Probably his great- 
est fault was a want of that decision and energy which 
were the characteristics of his youthfifl strength, talents 
and anabition.. 

' The number of effective men at the surrender of De- 
troit did not probably exceed 800, while those of general 
Broeys amounted to more than 1,300. 

Thi^ occurrence &o alarmed the people in some of the 
western states, that nearly ten thousand tendered their 
services, and a partof thetn, placed und^ the command of 
general Harrison, marched for the te^nrory of Michigan, 
But the insubordination of the volunteers to the restrainta 
of necessary dicipline and the approach of winter, placed 
many obstacles in the way of accomplishing much in the 
important enterprise. Incursions were frequently nvido 
into the country of the Indians, who, instigated by the 
British agents and the celebrated Indian prophet,and com- 
manded by the valiant Tecumseh, had become very hos- 
tile and dangerous to tl;e inhabitants of the western states. 

In one of these expeditions several hundred Indian war- 
riors attacked fort Harrison, garrisoned with only fifteen" 
effective men, and they were repelled with great intrepid- 
ity by guards, having many of their numbers killed or 
wounded. In return for the defeat, the Indians surprised 
and massacred a settlement containing twenty-one per- 
sons^ at the month of White river. Similar excursions 
wereconducted by general Hopkins?, colonels Russell and 
Campbell, against the prophet's town and Kickapoo vil- 
lage, and the Indian towns Pimertams and Mississenema, 
which were destroyed and the inhabitants either killed or 
taken prisoners. 

With the design of invading Canada in another quar- 
ter, an armyof regulars ajid niiJitiawere collected on lh« 



196 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

northern boundaries ofNew-York. This force was, how- 
ever, Car less nnineroiis than the government anticipated. 

The poorest class of American citizens was in so comi- 
fortable a condition that few could be induced to enlist as 
yoldiers. rslassachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode-Island 
maintained the plausihie doctrine that the officers of the 
general government have not power over the militia, un- 
til called out into the service and consigned to their au- 
thoiity by the state executive, and that even then the/ 
cannot be compelled to march beyond the boundary of 
the republic ; and their governors refused to furnish de- 
tachments ofncially called for by the President, which di- 
minished a species offeree that was very much relied on 
by the government. 

The operations* upon the New-York frontier were, es 
has been before stated, under the direction of general 
Dearborn, whose head-quarters were still continued at 
Greenbush. The fort at Plattsburgh was commanded by 
brigadier-gene!#l Bloomtield, and that at Bufialo by gen- 
eral Smythe. Tift militia from tlie state of New-York, 
tiien in the service of the United States, which was called 
the army of the center, were under the command of gen- 
eral Van Rensselaer. These, amounting to about 5000 
men, were principally stationed on the Niagara frontier. — 
Bodies of regulars and militia were also encamped at Black 
Rock, wSacketl's Harbor and Ogdensburgh. General Van 
Rensselaer had his head-quarters a*t Lewiston, on the Ni- 
agara river, and on the opposite side was Queenstown, a 
fortified British post. The milit'a were much engaged 
to be led against the enemy, and the general determined 
to gratify their desire by crossing over to Queenstown. — 
On the 11th of October, the tempestuous state of the 
weather detered them from passing the river. The for-ce 
in the American garrison was reinforced on the 12th with 
3(X) regulars, under the command of colonel Christie. — 
On the morning of t!ie 13th a party, led by colonel Solo- 
mon Van Rensselaer, effected a landing about 4 o^clock, 
although opposed by a British force stationed on the bank 
of the river. Soon after embarkirjg, the troops were ar- 
ranged under the command of colonel Van Rensselaer^ 
with a design of storming the heights at Queenstown. — 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 107 

The Americans were attacked by the enemy, before thej 
received orders for ascending the heights. A spirited op- 
position, however, obliged the assaihints to retire, but 
tiieir continual fire enfiladed the ranks of the Americans, 
of whom a considerable number were killed and wounded. 
The colonel was severely wounded, but the troops under 
captains Wool and Oglevie advanced to storm the fort. — 
Wool, the chief in command, on being wounded, proceed- 
ed to Van Rensselaer, and represented to him the critical 
situation of the troops. The colonel directed, as the only 
effectual measure, the one first proposed, which was to 
Btorm the British battery upon the lieights. The execu- 
tion of this adventure being undertaken by the voluntary 
services of captain Wool, who silently and circuitously 
conductisd his forces by the battery and ascended an emi- 
nence which commanded it. x\t the approach of the A- 
mericans, the British retreated down the heights to 
Q,ueenstown. At the moment of their success, general 
Brock arrived from fort George with a reinforcement of 
six hundred men. A white flag^ the customary signal of 
surrender, was raised by an officer, but indignantly pulled 
down by Wool. To keep the enemy back until he could 
arrange his troops, a detachment of sixty men were des- 
patched, who advanced and returned without firing a gun. 
They pursued on and drove the Americans to the brink of 
tlie precipice. Wool, being ably seconded by his offi- 
cers, rallied and led on his fotces to the attack. The 
British, in their turn, gave way and retreated down the 
hill. Upon this, the conflict was renewed, when general 
Brock, and his' aid, captain McDonald, fell almost at the 
same moment. After a severe engagement, the British 
fled in confusion. 

General Van Rensselaer, colonel Christie, and lieuten- 
ant Totten, an able engineer, now crossed over for the 
purpose of fortifying the heights preparatory to another 
attack, should the enemy be reinforced. They joined their 
forces to those under the command of the gallant captain 
Wool, who, faint with the loes of blood, was, with the 
prisoners, conveyed over the river. However, the for- 
tune of the day was not yet decided. A body of about 
oae thousand British and Indians, under general SheafiP'j' 

17* 



im HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

from fort George, arrived at 3 o'clock in tiie afternoon; 
niid joir.od the garrison. Tiie enemy again attacked the 
Americans, and were a third time repulsed. General 
Van Rensselaer, perceiving the army on tlie opposite 
shore embark very slowly, quickly recrossed the river to 
hasten their advance. But those who had expressed so 
much anxiety in tlie morning to share the consequences 
of a bottle, having witnessed the distress and sufferings of 
their wounded companions who had been brought over, 
now became entirely regardless of the general's com- 
mands, and refused to go to the relief of their country- 
men. More $han twehe hundred of the militia positively 
refused to embark. The sight of the engagement had 
cooled that ardor which, before the attack, the comman- 
der-in-chief could hardly restrain. While the contest f-or 
victory was pressed on by their countrymen, they could 
quietly remain spectators of the scene. '3'he entreaties 
and cominands of their brave and intrepid commander 
availed nothing. They now concluded it would be un- 
constitutional and wrong for the^n to pass t'le national 
boundary for carrying on an offensive war. The Ameri- 
cans continued for a while to struggle ?:gainst the force of 
the British, but were finally overpowered by their supe- 
rior numbers, and surrendered themselves prisoners of 
war. About sixty of the Americans were killed and one 
hundred wounded. Those that surrendered themselves, 
including the wounded, were about seven hundred. Of 
the one thousand men who crossed into Canada, but f«w 
made their escape. 

On the retirement of general Van Renftselaer from the 
service, general Alexander Smythe, of Virginia, succeed- 
ed to the command. In an inflated address to the *' men 
of New- York," he declared that in u few days the Amer- 
ican standard should be planted in Canada, and invited 
them to "come on" and share in the dangers and glor/ 
of the enterprise. A considerable numbor volunteered, 
more probably from their confidence in general Porter, 
who was to be associated with him and have the exclu- 
sive command of the volunteers than from the effect of 
the general's turgid appeal. His force was now augmen- 
ted to 4,500 men. General Smythe sent out two detach- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 109 

ti->eijt9, one commanded by colonel Bcerstler and the oth- 
er by captain King, wlio was attended by lieutenant An- 
gus of tiie navy, with a small party ofmarines,to make prep- 
arations for crossing the river. Bcerstler with his force 
proceeded down the river several miles, dispersed the 
enemy captured several ofthem and returned. King was 
directed to attack the batteries opposite Black Kock,whici» 
he effected in the most gallant manner. His party sus- 
tained a loss of nine naval officers and nearly one half of 
the seamen, who were either killed or wounded. By th«ir 
exertions the enemy were dispersed, their artillery dig- 
mantled, and suitable preparations were made for safely 
landing the army at the time appointed, which, however, 
from unforeseen delays, did not embark until noon. But 
afterwards, disembarking fur necessary rel'reshments, 
general Smythe ascertained that the boats prepared could 
not carry over three thousand men at once, which was 
the orders of the secretary of war. He therefore conclu- 
ded to delay the contemplated, invasion to a future period. 
Most of those who crossed with captain King succeeded 
in returning. The morning of the SOth of November was 
again assigned as the time for crossing; and that for the 
purpose of fulfilling the declaration of p'lanting the Amer- 
ican standard on the Canadian shores. But their first 
disappointment visably checked their resolution. They 
did not embark as early as was expected, and, when ready, 
but 1500 men were found willing to go over. A council 
of war unanimously decided against the expediency of 
proceeding, and the troops were again ordered to embark. 
The enterprise which he so exultingly promised to fulfil 
was shamefully abandoned without an effort. The failure 
of the undertaking was attributed by the soldiers to their 
commander, and so higlily were they exasperated that for 
several days his life was in danger from their fury. 

The northern army entered upon no furtlier operation* 
of importance during the whole of this campL;ign. )a 
September, a party of the enemy moving down the St. 
Lawrence, were defeated by a detachment of militia from 
Ogdensburgh. These being reinforced, compelled the 
militia to retire. On account of this proceeding, the des- 
truction of Ogdensburgh was attempted !>y the enemy on 



^00 niSTORY OF VERMONf. 

the 2d ofOctober, but they w.ere vanquished by the brave 
commvinder, general Brown. 

The army stationed at Plattsburgh, on the 11th of No- 
vember, marched to Champlain, under the command of 
general Dearborn. When, inmiediately after, colonel 
Pike, at the head of his regiment, made an incursion into 
the territory of the enemy, surprised a party of British and 
Indians, and destroyed a considerable quantity of public 
stores. 

The causes of military movements among nations enga- 
ged in the turmoil and ravages of warfare, may be traced 
to their civil and political transactions. Immediately af- 
ter the United States had declared war against Great- 
Britain, Mr. Russell, the American minister at London, 
was instructed by the American government to notify the 
British nation tliat whenever the wrongs which America 
justly complained of were redressed, she was ready to 
make peace. Authority was given to Mr. Russell to nego- 
tiate an armistice by land and sea as soon as the British 
government would repeal their orders in council, discon- 
tinue tiieir practice of impressment, and restore those A- 
mericans who were already in their service. A rejection 
of these propositions was communicated by Lord Castle- 
reigh to Mr. Russell, who at the same time informed him 
that measures had been taken to autl^orize Sir John B. 
Warren, a British admiral on the American station, to 
propose a cessation cf hostilities, and in that event to as- 
sure them that full effect should be given to the provisions 
lor repealing the orders in council. The British govern- 
ment were now ready, he said, to receive any propositioa 
which would have a tendency to check the abuse of the 
practice, but they could not consent to suspend the exer-- 
cise of a right on which the naval strength of the empire 
essentially depended, until they wera convinced other 
means would be devised for securing the object without 
resorting to impressment. On the 30th September, Sir J. 
B. Warren, then at the Halifax station, informed Mr. 
Monroe of the revocation of the orders in council, pro- 
posing a cessation of hostilities, and threatening, in case 
of a refusal, that the orders should be revived. Mr. Mon- 
roe, on being informed of the failure of Mr. Russell's ne- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 201 

potiation, stated among other things in his answer to Sir 
J. 15. Warren, that the practice of impressment by tha 
British was to take their suhjects from whatever vessels 
they cliose, which frequently terminated in the seizure of 
American citizens. ' But fnrtlier, that he was wiilinjy 
Great-Britain should be secured against the evils of which 
she complains; but he should demand on the other hand 
" that the citizens of the United States should be protec- 
ted against a practice which, while it degrades the nation, 
deprives them of their rights as freemen, takes them by 
force from their families and country into a foreign ser- 
vice to fight the battles of a foreign povver, perhaps a- 
gainst their own country and kindred." The negotiation 
was concluded witliout ejecting any adjustm-ent of the 
difficulties alleged or producing any degree of conciliato- 
ry feelings between the belligcrant powers. The rejec- 
tion of these propositions was approved of by Congress, 
who, instead of relinquishing the undertaking, pursued 
more efiectual measures for carrying on the war. The 
Eoldiers' bounty and wages were increased. A law was 
passed authorizing the president to raise twenty addition- 
al regiments, to issue treasury notes, and toboirow mon- 
ey. The building of four ships of the line, six frigates, 
and as many other vessels as the exigencies of the times 
require, was also provided for. 

In the campaign of 1S12, some instances of unusual 
gallantry had been displayed, yet nothing decisive was 
effected, and the losses sustained were numerous and 
great. Those who were in favor of the declaration of 
war, felt disappointed, chagrined and cast down. The 
calamitous progress of the controversy was attributed by 
them to the conduct of the federalists, whom they accus- 
ed of endeavoring to prevent enlistments into the army 
and of dissuading the militia from entering upon the ser- 
Tice of the country. The federalists, on the contrary, 
declared these failures attributable to the imbecility of 
lh« administration and to the injudicious selection of mil- 
itary oilicers. But the transactions upon the ocean some- 
what redeemed the misfortunes on the land, 1 l;e honor 
of the American flag was well supported by the determia- 
td bravery of the republican oflictrs and seamen. 



202 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Northern Campaign for 1813, — Battle and Massacre at 
Frenchtoinn. — ^eige at fort Meigs. — Surrender of 
York. — Death of general Fike. — Fort George taken. — 
Capture of generals Chandler and Winder. — Proceed- 
ings at Sacketts Harbor. — Repulse of the British at 
Fort Stephenson. — Pcrnfs Victory on lake Erie. — 
Battle at the Thames. — Defeat of the British Army. 
— Commodore Chauncey captures the British Squad- 
ron on lake Ontario. — IVillkison takes the command of 
the center Army. — Engagement at Williamsburg. — Af- 
fair at Chateau gay. — Americans defeated at Black 
Rock. 

The scene ofmvlitary operations for 1813, embraced tho 
Whole northern frontier of the United States. At tho 
commencement of the campaign, the western army, under 
general Harrison, was stationed near the head of lake 
Erie,and the army of the center, under general Dearborn, 
while general Hampton was destined to the command of 
the army in the nortii, and stationed upon tiie shores of 
lake Cliamplain. The American troops still contemplated 
invading Canada, which was comparatively destitute of 
regular troops. 

The army at the northwest, under the command of gen- 
eral Winchester, encamped at Frenchtown, was surprised 
by a combined force of British and Indians, commanded 
by colonel Proctor, and the Indian chiefs. Roundhead and 
Splitlog. A portion of the American force that was sta- 
tioned in the open field, were immediately thrown into 
disorder. Many of them, unable to escape, were killed 
by the Indians, while general Winchester and colonel 
Lewis were taken prisoners. The contest was sustained 
with vigor by the American troops, until orders were giv- 
en'by general Winchester for their surrender. Colonel 
Proctor had assured him that if the Americans would sur- 
render, they should be protected ; otherwise, he would 
not be r(*sponsible for tl\e conduct of tiie Indians. The 
l^ith which had been plighted by tho enemy was violatodi 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 203 

bj a cruel and barbarous scalping and murdering of the 
prisoners, and a conflagration of the town. The American 
loss in killed and wounded amounted to 500, and an equal 
number were taken prisoners. These were, for the most 
part volunteers from «ome of the most respectable families 
of Kentucky. 

General Harrison had now mnrched his forces to fort 
Meigs, on the Miami. On the 15th of May, the garrison 
vras besieged by General Proctor, with a force of 1000 
regulars and militia, and 1200 Indians. The commanding 
position of the American fort enabled them to resist effect- 
ually the attacks of the besieging army. Their anxiety 
about the dangers of their situation, were now relieved by 
Ihe arrival of general Clay with a force of 1200 Kentuck- 
ians: separating his men into several divisions, and mak- 
ing an impetuous attack, he drove the besiegers from their 
works, and took a niimber of prisoners. His troops,think-^ 
ing the victory complete, and disregarding the orders of 
their commander, were drawn into an ambush prepared 
for them by the Indian warrior, Tecumseh. All but 150 
of the party were cut off. Colonel Dudley, who com- 
manded a detachment of 800 men, strove in vain to rescue 
his troops. About the same time. Colonel Miller entered 
upon an engagement with the enemy, and entirely defeated 
them. In these encounters, two or three hundred of the 
Americans escaped into the fort, something like three 
hundred were killed or made prisoners, end the rest fled 
to the nearest settlenient. The defence of the fort was 
still continued, but the Indians,iinacquainted with sieves, 
became weary and discontented. Notwithstanding tho 
entreaties of their chief, Tecumseh, they deserted their 
allies on the 8th of May. Thus situated, Proctor rai-sed 
the siege on the day following, and retreated to Maiden. 
General Dearborn having assembled a large body of 
troops at Sackets Harbor, where great exertions had been 
made by commodore Chauncey to prepare a flotilla for 
aiding in' thft operations -of the er>sukig year, embarked 
on the. 25th day of April, with 1700 men, to the attack of 
York, the capital of Upper Canada. The force of the 
enemy at this place consisted of 700 regulars and militia, 
and 100 Icdiaus, under the ccinmaud of general SbeuSe. 



204 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

General Pike pressed on his forces and landed, although 
opposed at the water's edge hy a supe<'ior force. After a 
eevere contest of half an iiour, the enemy were driven to 
their fortifications. The remainder of the troops having 
landed, they advanced forward, destroyed the first battery, 
and were moving tovvards the main works, when a tre- 
mendous explosion of the enemy's magazine at 690 feel 
distance, hurled upon the advancing columns vast quan- 
tities of stones and fragments of wood, which caused great 
havoc among tliem. Many were killed and wounded, and 
among the latter was the gallant Pike. The British com- 
mandant finding resistance unavailing, retreated with the 
regulars towards Kingston, leaving the commanding ofii- 
cer of the militia to make tlie most favorable negotiation 
in his power. Tjie terms of the capitulation were agreed 
on, and the Americans rook possession of the town. — 
The brave and lamented Pike survived his v.ounds but a 
few hours ; but before his death the flag which waved over 
the fortress his valor had conquered was at his request 
placed under his head, when, with asmile of triumph, he 
calmly expired amidst the shouts of victory. The loss on 
tlie part of the Americans was three hundred and twenty 
in killed and wounded, and mostly by the explosion of 
the magazine. One hundred of the British vr'ere killed, 
about three hundred wounded, and as many made prison- 
ers. The capital 1)f Upper Canada v/as evacuated by 
the American commander, who crossed the lake to leave 
the wounded at Sacketfe Harbor, and again sailed and 
huided his troops at Niagara. The reintbrcements of 
the enemy induced general Dearborn to change the place 
of attack. Accordingly he re-embarked at fort George 
on the 27th of May. 

After a warm engagement the enemy abandoned and 
the Americans entered the fort. The fugitives retreated 
to the heights at the head of Burlington bay. Three him- 
dred of tlie British were killed in the defence of the fort 
and seventeen only, of the Americans were killed and 
forty-five wounded. Fort Erie immediately followed the 
eanie fate : lieutenant-colonel Preston took possession of 
It on the 23th, it having been previously abandoned. The 
British on their retreat being joined by a detachment from 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 205 

fort Eiie and C'lippcvvay, were pursued by two brigades 
under generals Chandler and Winder. Colonel St. Vin- 
cent having ascertained their position settled his plan of 
attack. He came in the security of darkness upon the 
American station, and with the roar of his cannon and yell 
of the savages, spread a most dreadful scene of confusion 
and carnage around. The darkness was such that a dis- 
tinction could not be made between friends and enemies. — 
General Chandler designing to place him.-^elf at the head 
of his artillery, rushed into tiie midst of a British, party, 
and, in a few minutes after, the fortune of general Winder, 
by a like mistake, was the same. Satisfied with the ca})- 
lure of these oliicers and some other prisoners, they made 
a precipitate retreat. The Americans, after a loss of two 
or three hundred in killed and wounded, made a retreat 
under colonel Burns from Stonoy Creek, the place of ac- 
tion, to Forty mile Creek, the former position of this 
force. This misibrtune was soon foUov.ed by tlie unfortu- 
nate transaction at Beaver Dams. Lieutenant-coloael 
BcErstler had been ordered tomarcii from fort George and 
disperse a body of the enemy collected at that place. — 
An attack was made oli the Americans within a short dis- 
tance of the Beaver Dams, and after contesting the bat-^ 
tie ground, colonel Bii^rstler'sammunition failing, he was 
obliged to surrender his whole detachment, which consist- 
ed of 570 men. Commodore Chauncey, in conjunction 
with colonel Scott, learning that the British had a quan- 
tity of stores at Burlington bay, proceeded with 200 men 
to destroy them. On arriving at the place, they found a 
force double of their own, strojigiy intrenciied and d«fen- 
ded by eight pieces of cannon; whereupon the enterprise 
was abandoned. Five pieces of cannon, eleven boats, 
and a tew prisoners uere taken away. ' 

The British sought the opportunity, while the Ameri- 
cana were employed in tlie j)rovinces, to make an att'ick 
upon the important post of Sacketts Harbor. The squad- 
ron hove in sight of tlie town on the 27th of May, when 
the inhabitants of the adjacentcountry immediately assem- 
bled. General Brown, of the j\ew-York militia, had the 
command of 1000 men, for the purpose of defending the 
town. A temporary breast work was quickly thrown up 

IB 



im HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

j?{ tlie only-place where t]ie enemy conld effect a landing, 
stnd this was employed for shelterinfj; llie jriilitia and regu- 
lars stationed here under colonel Bac'ais. On tlie mor- 
ring of the 23d, the British landed one thousand troop.^ 
from their vessels and advanced toward the fortifications. 
The militia aiiVightened fled in the utmost confusion, and 
colop.el Mill-^, in attempting to rally them, was mortally 
v/ounded. The regulars, unable to sustain the force and 
superiority of the enemy, gave way and retreated (ov/ard 
ihe town^ taking shelter in the houses upon the road. — 
From these coverts they poured so destructive a fire upon 
the advanced party of the British, that it halted and re- 
turned back. This slight check was, by the contrivance 
of general Brown, turned into a hasty retreat. Having 
collected the panic struck militia, he marched them along 
the road whi^-h, while it conducted from the village, ap- 
poircd to the commander of the British to lead to the place 
of landing. Seeing them marching with precipitation, he 
concluded tiioir design was to cut oil' his retreat, and re- 
cmbarked so hastily as to leave most of tiie wounded be- 
hind. The adroitness displayed by this management of 
general Brown, and the importance of his services, gairi- 
pd for him the appointment of brigadier-general in the 
regular army. 

On the 20th of July, Proctor having again collected 
about 500 of his Indian allies, with nearly as many regu- 
lars, marched to the attack of fort Stephenson, on the 
vSandusky river. He soon alter invested it and demanded 
its surrender. But by the gallantry and resolution oi^ 
rnajor-Croghan and 160 men, the full complement of the 
garrison, they determined on defending the fort to the last 
ostremity, notwithstanding the threat which in former 
instances had been tijund so powerful, the Indians could 
nol; be restrained after the commencement of the con- 
test. 

An account of the naval transactions performed by the 
American forces upon the ocean, has, from our presc ri- 
fted limits and the local descriptions suitable tor a histo- 
ry of the State of Vermont, been necessarily omitted ; but 
the lakes, upon which those scenes of naval valor, now 
rising to the grandeur of victory, have no longer to ro- 



History of Vermont. 207 

inaiti ill obscurity and unimportance. . Nolliiujr ot gen- 
eral magnitude had [jreviously to September, ltil3., trans- 
pired upon tl'.e lakes. The most that had been done was 
in fitting out lieets and conveying the land forces from their 
dilibrent places of rendezvous. Captain Elliot, in Octo- 
ber, 1812, with 100 men, etiibarked on board of twoboatt^ 
crossed the Niagara fioni i>lack- Rock, and took tM'o of 
the enemy's brigs from under the guns of fort Eric, on 
whom the garrison poured a tremendous and incessant fjr(\ 
i)no of them was burned and the other was connected with 
the naval force of the United States. During the summer 
of 1S13, commodore Perry was engaged in preparing an 
American squadron for service on lake Eric. It consist- 
ed of nine vessels, the largest of which carried twenty 
guns, and the whole mounting fifty-four. The enemy's 
tieet was built and equipcd under the superintendance of 
commodore Barclay, an experienced otiicer from tlw 
British navy. It consisted of six vessels, mounting sixty- 
three guns in the whole. The American squadron, under 
the command of commodore Perry, sailed out and oil'er- 
ed battle to their adversary. Ou the lOl'i of September, 
the British commodore having a favorable wind, left tlie 
harbor of Maiden to accept the offer. The firing commen- 
ced on both sides a fesv minutes before tv/elve o'clock. — 
'i'he British, at the commencenieat of the action, bcro 
so heavy upon the Americans, that the commodore's ves- 
sel, the St. Lawrence, became entirely unmanageable, 
having her guns rendered useless, and t!ie greater part of 
the crev/ either killed or wounded. No iiopes of success 
remained but in tlic execution of the attempt now underta- 
ken by the American commodore. He quitted the St. 
Lawrence in an open boat, and when passing along lio 
less than three broadsides were fir-ed at him from the Brit- 
ish vessels when he escaped. The wind now shifted quar- 
ters, giving the Americans the advantage; but the Law- 
rence was so disabled, having only eight men fit for duly, 
that she lowered her colors. Possession, howt^ver, not 
being taken of her by the British, they again hoisted her 
Oag. At forty-five minutes past two, a signal was given 
for close action. As the Niagara was but very little injur- 
4?d, commodore Perry resolved to pass through the cue- 



238 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

my^s lines with her, which he did with great skill and bra- 
very. Captain Elliot had the direction of the smaller ves- 
eels, which, with the Niagara, were now brought into 
close combat. In a short time, one of tiie Britis^h vessels 
surrendered, and soon after another; and the remainder 
of the American Meet now joining in the action, the victo- 
ry 'was rendered decisive and complete. The American 
loss was 27 killed and 96 wounded — the whole loss of the 
British in killed and wounded was estiniated at 16.0. — 
The number of prisoners amounted to six hundred, which 
was more than all the Americans engaged in the action. — 
In three hours from the commencement of the action, the 
commodore of the victorious force was enabled to an- 
nounce to general Harrison the capture of the whole Brit- 
ish squadron, in the following expressive style: — ''We 
have mot the enemy and they are ours*" The news of this 
victory difilised universal joy throughout the Union, be- 
cause it was achieved against a superior force, and was 
the first they had ever gained over a whole squadron. — 
Those circumstances threw every other victory into the 
^■hade, and cast the brigliteat lustre upon the characters 
of the heroes who had gained it. This victory opened a 
})assage to the region wliich had been surrendered by gen- 
eral Hull, and general Harrison was immediately con- 
veyed in transports, with a huge body of Kentucky mili- 
tia, to IMalden. 

This movement being understood by the British com- 
mander, he abandoned that place, afid on the 2Sth of Sep- 
tember it was occupied without opposition by the Ameri- 
can army. General Harrison pursued the retreating par- 
ty through Detroit, up the river Thames, to the Moravian 
village, on the 5th October. Proctor's force consisted of 
2000 men, of whommore than half were Indians. The 
British army were strongly posted ; their left, resting on 
the Thames, v/as defended by their artillery ; the rig!./ 
reached to a swamp that run parallel to the river, and was 
supported by Tecumseh and his warriors, who were sta- 
tioned in a tliick wood which skirled the morass. Colonel 
Johnson's regiment being much relied on by the general, 
was ordered to charge the enemy's center, with the de- 
sign of breaking their linos aad getting in the rear. 'i'h& 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 20^ 

KentLickians advanced boldly to the charge and succeed- 
ed so far as to throw the enemy into confusion, but failed 
in penetrating their lines. The army now moved and at- 
tacked the right and left Hanks of the enemy with great ef- 
fect. The celebrated Tecuniseh led on his Indian warri- 
ors against colonel Johnson and his battalion. These jio- 
roes now met each otlicr in a contest which, from the char- 
acter of both, must terminate the life of one. The Indian 
commander raising his (oincihawk to despatch colonel 
Johnson, received a pistol shot from his intended victim, 
and fell dead at his feet. The defeat of this savage war- 
rior was tlie overthrow of the army. Since tlie defeat of 
llarmcr, Tecumseh had been in almost every engagement 
which the whites had had with his race, within or on the 
boundaries of the United States. He visited the various 
tribes at the commnncement of the war, and his eloquence 
and influence engaged hia countrymen to bear arras against 
the United States. About two hundred of the British, 
with the commander Proctor, escaped, and the remainder 
surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Nineteen recr- 
ulars were killer^, fifty wounded, and six hundred taken 
prisoners. The loss of the Indians was one hundred and 
twenty. Fifty of the Americans were killed and v/ounded. 
The fiill of Detroit brought the Indian v/ar to a close, and 
gave security to the frontiers. It also put them in pos- 
session of what was lost by the surrender of general Hull. 
Various skirmishes having succeeded on lake Ontario, 
since hostilities commenced between America and Great- 
Britain, yet nothing of a decisive character occurred until 
the 5th of October, when commodore Chauncey, after re- 
peatedly chasing the British fleet, and failing to bring 
them into action, encountered a squadron of seven sail, 
which was bound for Kingston with troops and provisions. 
lie captured five of these, one was burned, and the other 
effected an escape. The number of prisoners taken a- 
mounted to two hundred and sixty-four. General Wilkin- 
•on was appointed to the command of the army of the 
center, in consequence of the removal of general Dear- 
born. The first object of his instructions was to make an 
attack upon Kingston, and after that, close his campai^^Q 
by the reduction of Montreal. The force designed for 
18* 



210 mSTORY OF VERMONT. 

this service was an army of 5000 at fort George, 200(1 
under general Lewis at Sackett's Harbar, and the armj 
of general Harrison, whom general Wilkinson expected 
would join with his army and proceed with him down the 
St. Lawrence. The command of the northern army, 
which was to proceed to Canada by the way of Cham- 
plain, and form a junction upon the St. Lawrence, was- 
given to general Hampton. 

The secretary of war proceeded from Washington to 
Sacketts Harbor for the purpose of assisting in the enter- 
prise. His orders were awaited by the commanding offi- 
cer, which were to proceed direct to Montreal, rather 
than m pursuance of his former orders to make an attack 
upon Kingston. The forces were ordered to descend the 
St. Lawrence, but such were the difticulties in collecting 
them and such tlio want of vigilance in the commander, 
Ihat they did not sail until the 5th of November. On their 
way down the river, they were impeded by constant at- 
tacks from the enemy posted at convenient distances along 
the Canadian shore. These annoyances were so trouble- 
some that general Brown ordered his troops to disembark 
and proceed in advance of the boats. The movements of 
the invading army were closely watched by a corps of ob- 
eervation from the governor of Canada, to follow in their 
rear and annoy them at every opportunity. General Boyd 
disembarked his troops on arriving at the rapids, and 
marched down the river as general Brown was doing at 
some distance in advance of them. On the Hth of No- 
vember a battle was fought at Chrystler's fields, near 
Williamsburgh, between the combined force of general 
Boyd's, Brown's and Swartwout's brigfides, and a party 
of the British, under the command of lieutenant-colonel 
Morrison. The action was supported more than two 
hours with unyielding resolution, when a body of the 
Americans, wiio had been left to cover their retreat, were 
routed by the British, which gave them the possession of 
the field. Both parties, however, claimed the victory ; 
the British retreating to their encampment, and the Amer- 
icans ta tlieir boats. Three hundred and thirty-nine in 
killed and wounded v/as the ascertained loss on the sid© 
of the Americans ; but that of the British is unkno wn.— 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 211 

Among (hose wounded, of the Americans, was general 
Covington, who died soon after. The army arrived a^ 
St. Regis the next day, where general Hampton, wlio had 
the command of Plattsburgh, had been ordered to meet 
them. But here general Wilkinson, to his great amaze- 
ment and confusion, was informed by general Hampton 
that his situation was such that he could not join him 
there, but intimated that he might do so lower down the 
river. By the determination of a council of war, that was 
called on the occasion, the attack upon Mo'ntreal was a- 
bandoned, and the army under general Wilkinson took up 
winter quarters at the French Mills. Orders were sect 
to general Hampton to invade Canada by the way of 
Champlain, at which place he rendezvoused on the 25th 
of September, but was afterwards directed to march to 
Chateaugay, and proceed to Montreal by the direction 
of Chateaagay river. On the 21st of October, he left his 
encampment at Chateaugay four corners, crossed into 
Canada, and moved as far down the river as Onnstown. 
Having ascertained that the British had a f^rce of six 
hundred men a few miles below on the way to Montreal, 
he despatched colonel Purdy with 2000 of his troops on 
the night of the 25th, for the purpose of destroying it. — 
The next morning the two divisions of the army under 
colonel Purdy and general Hampton, came within one 
mile of the enemy, on opposite sides of the river. Gen- 
eral^Izard took the command of the army, with orders 
from Hampton to attack the enemy immediately, which 
he did, but so unsuccessfully as to be obliged to retire 
from the field. The detachment under colonel Purdy be- 
ing disabled by the fatigues of their march, did not join 
general Izard's troops. The enemy observing them, and 
supposing their number inconsiderable, passed unpercei- 
ved within a short distance of their rear, and began an 
attack, when the Americans made a disorderly flight to 
the river. The army then returned to the encampment at 
Chateaugay, and the expedition to Montreal being aban- 
doned, they marched to Plattsburgh for winter quarters. — 
On the 24th of October general Harrison arrived at Buf- 
falo and proceeded directly to Sacketts Harbor, by which 
raeans the Niagara frontier was left unguarded, except by 



212 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

a few militia at fort George. The British, in their tarn, 
thought to invade the United States. Accordingly they 
sent an a force to Niagara, when general McClure, in- 
tinnidated at their approach and misunderstanding the or- 
ders he received from government, reduced the village of 
Newark to ashes. Colonel Murray crossed at Niagara, 
captured the sentries, and immediately took the fort. — 
On the surrender of the fortress, consisting of three hun- 
dred men, the greater part of them were cruelly and 
wantonly put to death. 

The forces of the enemy being increased, they marched 
toLevvistown, where they were opposed by Major Young, 
who was soon compelled to retreat. The villages of Lew- 
islown, Manchester and Tuscarora were destroyed by the 
enemy. Black Rock was the next place of their attack, 
(reneral Hall commanding a force there, repelled them 
for some time, yet they with considerable difficulty effect- 
ed a landing and drove the Americans from their batter- 
ies to Buflaio. All hopes of withstanding them here wero 
entirely vain, as only six hundred out of two thousand mi- 
litia were willing to risk an engagement. Buffalo and 
Black Rock were consigned to the incendiaries' torch» 
as was the country for several miles along the river. — 
The last scenes of this year's campaign were more like 
the exterminating ravages of the barbarous Indians than 
the contests} of civilized nations -or the more improved 
rriethod of modern warfare. Plundering, burning and in- 
diiscriminate slaughter were practised by the invaders up- 
on the innocent and defenceless inhabitants. 

A body of the Vermont militia, which had been draAed 
into the service of the United States and marched to 
Plattsburgh, in New- York, were, by a proclamation trom. 
governor Chittenden, discharged from public service, up- 
on the ground that it was unconstitutional for them to bo 
taken beyond the limits of the state, and that in a war of 
invasion the President of the federal government had not 
the authority by the constitution to call upon the militia 
without permission from the state executive. This was a 
principle established by the supreme court of Massachu- 
setts, and adhered to by most of the states in Nevv-Eng- 
kind. Those officers who were zealous for the war objso- 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 213 

ted to thia order from governor Chittenden, and drev/ up 
u protest signed by twenty-two commissioned officers, sta- 
ting their views upon the controverted subject and their 
unwiilinoness to concede to the requifeitions of his excel- 
lency. However, the militia returned before their term of 
service had expired, and the subject was no further agita- 
ted before the public. 

In the progress of our narative, an event which happen- 
ed upon Idke Champlain has been omitted, in the order 
of time, but may as properly be described after the clos- 
ing scenes of the campaign have been 'recited as at the pe- 
riod when it occurred. The Growler and tiie Eagle, com- 
manded by lieutenant Smith, sailed from Plattsburgli on 
t!ie 2d of June, in pursuit of some British gun-boats, then 
in the waters of the states. On tiie morning of the third 
day they discovered three gun-boats, to which they itr.me- 
diately gave chase. The channel .being narrow and the 
wind blowing briskly from the south, ran them so far into 
it that there was no possibility of a return. One of. the 
vessels became unmanageable, and sunk in shoal water; 
the other fought for more than four hours, until obliged to 
yield to superior force. The enemy had the advantyge in 
another respect : tlie narrowness of tlie lake afforded an 
opportunity for the soldiers upon its banks to do consid- 
erable execution. Another squadron sailed up tliC lake 
on the first of August, consisting of two large sloops, three 
gun-boats and about forty batteaux, fUled with troops. — 
They landed at Plattsburgh, destroyed all the government 
property, and then retreated. A short time aftervr:ards 
comrao.dore Macdonough sailed out of Burlington bay 
and offered battle to the British, which they refused and 
retired to St. Johns. 

The result of the campaign for this year was not ro fa- 
vorable to the country as the administration party had an- 
ticipated : yet it had been filled with incidents highly hon- 
orable to the American arms. If the war had increased the 
interruptions of commerce, it had cherished and multi- 
plied manufactures : if it had given an opportunity for 
spoliations on the ocean and for predatory excursions on 
land, it had developed the best means of retarding the 
former and providing protection against the latter, and 



21 i HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

(ho result promised greater respect on the part of fort'iga 
nations for the riglits of the repablic, and a longer dura- 
tion of future peace, than could be expected without tho 
cignal proofs which have been exhibited of the nutionai 
spirit and reso'jrces. 



CIIAPTEil X. 



Proffered rnediat'ion of Rufisia declined hy the Irritidh 
gooernment. — (-pinions of Crcat-'JJritain on the jrrosc' 
iution of the War. — Untnicccsyful attempt at La Col- 
U.— ()su:cgo attacked by the British. — Battle of Chip- 
pen^a. — Kngdgtment at Bridgcv:atcr. — TMe British re- 
puLssd in their attack vpon fart Erie. — hSucce.srful 
sortie of general Vurter against the British garrison 
near fort Erie. — Capitulation of the eastern part of 
Maine to the t7ie:ny. — !Sir George Prevost marehcs his 
ar.ny into the tSiatts. — Invasion of P'attshurgh.—Mc- 
Donoiigh-ii Victory over the British squadron^ Septem- 
ber I ithy 1814. — Retreat of the English army. — ISecjucl 
to the history of the war with Great-Britain. — ^l gtn- 
accd treaty of peace concluded at Ghent. 

An offer was made by tho Emperor of Russiii, with a 
view of arresting* the desolating ravages of war, to assist 
the governments of Great-Britain and the United State« 
in settling by negociation the unhappy controversy in 
which the respective governments were involved. Tho 
olfer was promptly accepted by the United States, when 
John Cluincy Adams, Jinnes A. Hayard and Albert Galla- 
tin were appointed commissioners to negotiate a treaty of 
peace at St. Petersburg; for which, the British on their 
part appointed Lord Gambler, lienry Golbourn and Wil- 
liam Adams ; but they declined to treat under the media- 
tion of Russia, but proposed a negotiation at London or 
Goltenhiirgh. The American go'.ernment accepted this 
projiosition, and cho^e (iottenburgh, for which Ghent 
was afterwards substituted. Henry Clay and Jonathan 
Kas:»el were united with the commissioners already iu 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 215 

Europe. After the troubles in Europe liad terminatocl, 
the English nation contemplated dictating peace to Amer- 
ica from the capital of the rcpuhiic, or at least tlie splen- 
dor of their triumphs and the burthens of Arncricin em- 
barrassments would induce the New-England States to 
form a distinct government. Two distinct modes of car- 
rying on t\\e war were decided on by the British ministrv; 
first. to invade the coa?t of the United vStates, and in the 
next, alVr the protection of Can^^da h.a-.l been secured, to 
conquer so niuclj of the territory of the United Slates r.s 
would guard them against any future danger. To etlect 
tlicse purposes, fourteen tl.ousand troops that fought un- 
der Wellington, were embarked frou) France to Canada, 
and a navaf armament, with an adequate number of sea- 
men, for invading the ditTerent ports of the American coast 
r.t the same time. The .changes recently occurring in 
Ihirope restored peace between England and France, and 
the reason why America had continued her restrictions! 
was, by acting in concert with France, the commerce of 
England might be very much deranged. Tijis cause be^ 
ing now removed, it was judged expedient to repeal the 
embargo and nonimportation act, v»hich was accorditigly 
done in the month of April. 

Soon after Congress assembled, th.e situation of the 
nrmy received their attention. A bounty of one hundred 
and twenty-four dollars was provided for any one who 
phould enlist for f.ve years, and eight dollars for any per- 
pon who should procure such recruits. Additional appro- 
priations were also made for increasing the f)rce of the 
country. The army under general Wilkinson continued 
at the Frenrh Mills, until be received orders from the 
Secretary of AVar, when he sent a force of 2000 troops, 
under general Brown, to the Niagara frontier, and Ijav- 
ing destroyed the public buildings, he marched to Plattsr 
burgh. On the 2ist of February, the enemy proceeded 
ns far into the states as iM alone, and destroyed the public 
})roperty kept there, which had been removed from tho 
encampment at the French Mills. By these movements 
the British concluded that t'jc Americans v/cre about to 
invade Canada: therefore, 2000 men fcH'tified themselves 
at La Colle Mill, near the river Sorel. For the purpose 



216 HISTORY OF YERiMONT. 

of dislodging them general Wilkinson advanced with but 
slight opposition from skirmishing parties to La Coile, 
and there disposed his forces in such onler as to cutoff 
the retreat of the enemy. An attempt was made by the 
occupants of the Mill to retire, but they were repulsed. 
The invading army undertook to batter down the Mill 
with their cannon, but the stone of which it was built was' 
so thick as to resist all attempts of the kind ; whereupon 
a retreat was ordered, having lost one hundred in killed 
and wounded. The forces in Canada were marched from 
the St. Lawrence and stationed at St. Johns, for the pur- 
pose of securing the entrance of their fleet into lake 
Champlain. Great 'exertions had been made by commo- 
dore M'Donough to prepare a fleet that would compete 
with the enemy upon lake Champlain. It was necessary 
for the British to destroy the shipping at Yergennes, before 
it should make its appearance upon the lake. Their de- 
signs being understood by the commodore, a battery was 
erected at the mouth of Otter Creek. On the tenth of 
May, 1S14, the enemy's flotilla, consisting of a brig, three 
armed sloops and thirteen gallies, proceeded up the lake 
and scoured the shores v/ith their light boats as they pass- 
ed along. Having gone as far south as the mouth of Ot- 
ter Creek, they couimenced firing upon the battery, who, 
after exchanging one hi ndred shots and being unsuccess- 
ful in gaining the rear of the battery, on account of a de- 
tachment of Yermont militia, v.hich galled them so severe- 
ly that they were obliged to retreat down the lake, eflecting 
nothing by their adventure but a discovery of the military 
prowess of the Green Mountain Boys, in their able de- 
fence of fort Cassin. 

The new brig that was afterwards commanded by M'- 
Donough,at the battle of riattshurgh,was launched about 
this time. The events of peace in Europe,by the dethrone- 
ment and exile of Bonaparte and the restoration of Louis 
XYIIl. gave Great Britain, now at peace with the whole 
world, except the United States, an opportunity to em- 
ploy all that immense force wi»ich she had used in crush- 
ing her rival, against the American republic. 

These prospects were duly estimated by the American 
people :— a severer conflict, attended with greater sacri- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 217 

fices niid sufTerings, was calculated upon by those in favor 
of the aduiinistration ; but its opposers made great ef- 
fortis to wrest the power from those they thought had 
shown themselves incompetent, which in no small degree 
lessened the strength of t!ie government. Preparations 
were making by the British and Americans to gain the 
supremacy upon lake Ontario; but as yet the British had 
the control, wliich they employed in destroying unfin- 
ished vessels and stores along t!ie United States shore. — 
(iieneral Drummond, with 1500 troops on board of sev- 
eral transports, attempted to eifect a landing at Oswego — 
a deposit of naval stores then garrisoned by 500 men un- 
der t!ie conjmand of colonel iMitchell, in a fort which had 
only five guns. On the enemy's second attempt to effect 
a landing, the iVmerican commander, finding himself un- 
able to sustain liis position, retired and moved tlie public 
stores about twelve miles to Oswego fails. The enemy 
being interrupted in their progress by the destruction of a 
bridge, evacuated tiie town and returned to Kingston. — 
The military stores at Oswego were shortly after ordered 
to be removed to Sacketts Harbor, and on their passage, 
near Sand Creek, were attacked by the enemy'a boats, 
as they entered I he stream. Having formed an ambus- 
cade, they completely surprised their pursuers, who yield- 
ed after a short encounter. The British had encamped 
300 or more men upon the river Thames, v/horn captain 
Holme?:, with 180 troops, was sent out to dislodge. He 
retreated to a favorable position, and then sent forv/ard a 
body of rangers to ascertain their strength, who were pur- 
sued by t!ie enemy. They attempted by a feigned attack 
and retreat to draw captain Holmes from his position, and 
by this manceuver succeeded. Various other proceedings 
were entered upon by the enemy to bring on an engage- 
ment, which at last occurred. The Americans fought 
gallantly for more than an hour, who were nearly surroun- 
ded at the time the enemy retreated. The loss of the Ai 
mericans was only six killed and wounded, hut their op- 
ponents sustained a destruction of sixty-nine oi'their num- 
bers. In the feeginning of July, general Brown marched 
liis army to Buffalo, whtre the addition of Towsoj.^s ar- 
tillery and a body of volunteers, under general Porter, 

19 



tl8 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

augmented the number of his forces to something more 
than 3,000 men : with these he crossed the Niagara, and 
took possession without opposition of Fort Erie. The 
British, amounting to three thousand, under the command 
of general Riall, occupied a strong position at the mouth 
of the Chippewa. Small parties of the enemy continual- 
ly annoyed the American camp, on account of which 
general Porter with about nine hundred volunteers, Indiana 
and regulars, was sent out by general Brown along the 
creek, where he attacked a body of Indians about two 
miles from the American camp. The noise of the firing 
brought on a large reinforcement of Indians, which, after 
a warm engagement, obliged general Porter to retire. 

Both armies were now under motion, advancing to- 
wards the destined field of battle. General Scott's brigade 
was in the advance, hastening to receive the charge, from 
those who had fought upon the ensanguined fields of Eu- 
rope, and subdued the conqueror whose ambition had 
strove for and almost attained universal dominion, and 
whose energies raised him from obscurity to the highest 
destination of wealth, of grandeur and of power. The 
British outnumbered the Americans by more than one 
third, and arrayed in all the panoply of experience and 
power, boldly advanced to open combat. The heroism 
of general Scott equalled the best and pr.rest exertions of 
human nature. The British gave way in the bloody con- 
test, and Scott persued and defeated them on all sides, un- 
til their retreat became perfectly disordered, and they 
Bought shelter from their intrenchments. The enemy were 
totally repulsed by the decisive movements of general 
Scott, before general Ripley's brigade arrived. General 
Brown marched back his forces to the camp, without at- 
tempting anything upon the fortifications of^the enemy. — 
The British sustained a loss in killed, wounded and pris- 
oners of 514 ; but the destruction on the part of the Amer- 
icans did not equal this number by 186 men. This deci- 
siTe victory, gained after so many reverses, was regarded 
as an omen of future success. Immediately afterwards, 
general Riall, leaving his works, marched to Burling- 
ton heights. Lieutenant-general Drummond, collecting 
all Lis forces at Burlington and York, took them under 



lilS'TORY OF VERMONt, 219 

his command and marched back with his army towards 
the American camp, to fort George. The force of the 
British, collected for the purpose of opposing general 
Brown, including fifteen hundred Indians and militia, a- 
niounted to five thousand; but these constantly diminish- 
ed by the desertion of the Indians. 

On the morning of the 25th, intelligence was commu> 
nicated to the American commander, by general Swift, 
that a detachment of the enemy from Clueenstown threat- 
ened his stores at Scholsser. A movement under the di- 
rection of general Scott, upon the Q,ueenstown road, was 
commenced late in tlie afternoon. The design of this was 
to mnke an attack upon the enemy, and divert their atten- 
tion from his public stores. Proceeding but a short dis- 
tance from the falls, inlbrmAtion was communicated that 
a force of the British lay encamped behind the woods, 
and that they intended to attack the Americans the follow- 
ing day. This intelligence was hastily transmitted to the 
commander, and the forces under Scott proceeded rapid- 
ly through the wood, where he perceived the British 
strongly posted on an eminence defended by nine pieces 
of artillery. Near Lundy's lane, in front of the British 
position, he arranged his men in the order of battle. The 
thunder of the artillery gave the signal lor attack. The 
Americans commenced and maintained the contest with 
a force not more than one seventh as large as that of the 
enemy. Had the British commander been apprised of 
their real situation, he might have captured the Americans 
with scarce the loss of a man. 

It was night when the engagement commenced and dark- 
ness began to veil the earth in obscurity. The battle still 
continued and no reinforcement appeared. More than 
one fourth were now killed or wounded, which was a ful- 
filment of the rule for retreating. But at this difficult pe- 
riod, when many of their best officers and soldiers were 
killed or wounded, general Ripley led on his brigade to 
their assistance. The advancing general placing his 
brigade to the right of general Scott, found his position 
unfavorable for annoying the enemy, and assumed the re- 
sponsibility of proceeding nearer to them before he tbr- 
lucd. Sutfaring severely from this movement, Ripley 



220 histohy of veemont. 

then seitled in his mind the bold ad^'entrire of storming 
the fort. " Will you attempt the reduction of that for* 
tress,'- said general Ripley to colonel Miller. "I'll try," 
was his heroic answer. At the word of command, his 
men steadily ascending the hill, advanced to the months 
of their cannon, bayoneted the men while firing, drove the 
remainder before them, and took away their cannon. Tho 
arrangement of the American lines was now as tollows: 
General Ripley's brigade was formed on the left — general 
Porter, with his volunteers, on the right, and the artillery 
of Towson in the center. The enemy rallied with all their 
vigor to regain their artillery, but their approach could not 
be distinctly ascertained. The moon now risen shone oc- 
casionally throngh the Hitting clouds which enveloped the 
heavens. The roar of the cahirac of Niagara was at times 
silenced by the thunder of the cannon and the din of arms, 
but was distinctly heard during the pauses of the fight. — 
In this situation the American troops were ordered to wait 
till the enemy's bayonet touched their own, and to take 
aim by the light from the discharge of their muskets. — 
The deadly fire of the Americans proved destructive to the 
British. The enemy recovering from their confusion, 
pressed on with their bayonets, and the assault was met 
by the Americans with firmness. The contest continued 
for more than twenty minutes, when the enemy retreated 
in disorder. Three times in the course of the night the 
same scene was repeated. The valor of America four 
limes met and repulsed the enemy. After this the firing 
ceased, and the British were withdrawn, and the Ameri- 
cans left in the undisturbed possession of the field. Al- 
though the burden of the battle happened on the heights, 
yet efforts were made in other parts. General Scott'a 
brigade forming anew, charged through an opening in 
Ripley's line, which in the confusion and d^^irkness of 
the scene, proceeded between the fires of the combatantfcj, 
and afterwards engaged in tlie battle by taking his position 
on the lel^t of general Ripley. In another part colonel Jcs- 
sup, with two hundred men, advanced against the enemy, 
brouglit them to action, drove them from the ground, and 
captured general Riall, with other oflicers and soldiers 
to an amount equal to his own. In this important contest 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 221 

the British lost eight hundred and eighty in killed, wound- 
ed and prisoners. Among the wounded were generals 
Drummond and Riall. Tiie American number was re- 
duced to eight hundred and sixty. Generals Scott and 
Brown, towards the close of the battle, were wounded, 
whilst major M'Farland and captain Ritchie were killed, 
with many other excellent officers. 

1'he command now devolving upon general Ripley, he 
found his force so much reduced that he considered it ex- 
pedient to abandon the captured artillery and return to 
fort Erie. The American army, now reduced to 1600, 
proceeded to erect fortifications atthis place. They were 
besieged on the 4th of August by a British force consist- 
ing of 5000 men. The day following, general Gaines, 
from Sacketts Harbor, arrived and took the command of 
the Americans. Preparations were now hastily made in 
expectation of an attack. 

The center column, tinder Drummond, succeeded in 
scaling the walls, and took possession of the bastion, whilo 
those of cols. Fischer and Scott made repeated attempts, 
but were repulsed. Almost as soon as the enemy gained 
possession of the works, a quantity of powder exploded 
and blew up with a terrible crash the whole party into 
the air. Those of the enemy who survived fled in confu- 
sion. The fortune of the day was peculiarly destructive 
to the British, 57 of their number being killed, 319 wound- 
ed, and 539 missing. To the Americans the battle had 
been less destructive : their total loss was 84. An army of 
5000 men was nov/ ordered on from Plattsburgh, for the 
relief of the bold defenders of the Niagara frontier. Con- 
stant reinforcements were received upon the British works, 
which general Brown determined to cut off, and thus de- 
stroy their batteries. 

On September the 17th general Porter was ordered to 
march his detachment through the woods and attack the 
enemy. At the same time general Miiler was directed to 
advance a short distance and secrete his men in a ravine 
between the fort and the British camp, until an attack 
f-hould be commenced by general Porter. A reserve corpa 
was commanded by general Ripley. The dangerous way 
proscribed for general Porter and his men was traversed 

19* 



1K2 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

aad the enemy were completely surprised. Half an hoar 
completed the capture of the garrison. The magr.zine, 
block house and part of the fort, t\nd alsolhe death of 
colonels Gibson and Wood, all succeeded. General Mil- 
ler Nvas warned by the firing that Porter had met the ene- 
my and arrived at tlie time of the explosion. His division 
and general Ripley's corps of reserve approached in time 
to siiare the dangers and glory of tliis well conducted en- 
terprise. By this successful adventure the British lost 
their works, a large quantity of ammunition, artillery, f.nd 
one thousand men in killed, wounded and prisoners. The 
forces were conducted back to the fort by general Miller, 
in perfect order. The nuniber of killed, wounded and 
rnisaing amounted to about six hundred. 

On the 21st of September, forty-nine days after the seigo 
jcommenccd, general Drummond withdrew his forces, re- 
lieving the garrison from their toils, which had been in- 
cessant, and from their danger, which had been encoun- 
tered without fear. Troops have rarely deserved higher 
praise of their country. "The arrival of general Izard 
with a rci[)forcement from Plattsburgh, happened on the 
9th of October. , Being the seignor officer, he took the 
command, and marched with his whole force on the 18th 
of October, in pursuit of the e!>emy, whom he found at 
Chippewa, securely stationed in a fortified camp. Sever- 
al attempts proving ui^availing to draw the enemy ov.t in- 
to the field, therefore he evacuated Canada, and station- 
ed his troops in winter quarters at {3uffalo, Black Rock 
and Batavia. 

y\n expedition was fitted out on lake Huron, under tho 
command of commodore Sinclair, by water, and major 
Croghan, by land. Tiieir design was to take Macki- 
i:aw, which was entirely frustrated by the ibrces of the 
enemy. 

Eigh.t ships and 2000 men, under the camn-and of com- 
modore Hardy, made a descent upon the coast of Maine, 
on the 11th of July, and captured Eastport and the coun- 
try on the west of Passamaquoddy bay. An incursion 
was soon after made into the eastern part of Maine, by 
the governor of New-Brunswick, aided by admiral Grif- 
fith. They proceeded up the river Penobscot^ as far at 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 223 

Hampden, where the frigate John Adams was IcO forpre- 
Fcrvation. Tiie guard placed here for its defence Hed on 
their approach, after they had blown up the vessel. Pos- 
session was taken of the country east of the Penobscot 
river, in the name of the king of (ireat-Britain, and a pro- 
rlamation issued by the council of New-Bn:ns\vick, con- 
firming the validity of .the proceeding, and for opening a 
communication with Canada and'this capitulated territory. 

Several thousand troops sailed from England early in 
the spring of IvSll^ and landed in Canada. With these, 
governor Prevost resolved to carry war into the United 
States, by the way of lake Champlain. His project, for 
enthusiasm and sanguine expectations of success, appear- 
ed like the imaginary calculations of general Durgoyne. 
Presuming.on a defection among tlie inhabitants, he brought 
with him arms and clothing for those he expected would 
rally round his standard ; and these ideas were confirmed 
by the American smugglers, who were wishing to secure 
the favor of the British. This plan further resembled that 
of Biirgoyne's, as he contemplated marching his army by 
way of the lake and Hudson river to New-York. Tho 
departure of the troops from Plattshurgh, under general 
Izard, having left that post almost defenceless, the ene- 
my employed the opportunity to make the contemplated 
invasion. Oit the 3d of September the governor-general 
of Canada, with an army of 14C0 men, many of whom had 
been familiar with the European wars, proceeded into the 
territory of the United States. He issued a proclamation 
at Champlain, giving the citizens o/' the States the strong- 
est assurance that his military cfTorts should be made only 
against the government and those who supported it, whi'e 
the peaceful and unoffending should receive no injury. 

Tliis invasion of the American republic aroused tho 
feelings of patriotism and called into action the brave sons 
of the green mountains. A large number of volunteers 
from Vermont hastened toward the scene of action. Dis- 
(inctiona of party were laid aside in the great cause of de- 
fending the possession and liberties of the country. Gen- 
eral Strong, from Vermont, on his arrival at Plattshurgh, 
was elected to the command of the volunteers who, by 
bis brave and skilful conduct, did honor to hiniself and the 



221 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ptate. A difference of opinion, as was stated in the legis- 
lative proceedings for 13.14, existed in the minds of the 
people of Vermont us to the right which the constitution 
conferred upon the president, or through him to any of 
the officers in the regular army, to call the militia into the 
feervice of the United States, and also the power which a 
governor of a state has under the constitution of the fed- 
eral government to sencl his forces out of the state upon 
the emergency of repelling an invader. The governor and 
council were decided federalists and opposed from the be- 
ginning to tiie measures pursued by the prevailing power 
of the country, and to the rejection of the propositions 
made for an amicable settlement by the offending nations 
und to the declaration and management of the war. They 
could not from principle countenance tlie proceedings of 
the government and its agents so long as they had protes- 
ted against the policy tliat brougl)t about such a situation 
of affairs. Tv.'o thousand of Mr.Chittenden's constituents, 
who voted for him when elected to that Congress which 
declared war, petitioned against the enactment of such a 
law. Their feelings v/ere embittered by the collisions of 
party resentment; but so far as the documents called up 
by a resolution of the legislature of Vermont, they show 
that governor Chittenden expressed himself favorably to 
the cause and encouraged volunteers to pass over th« 
lake to the assistance of general Macomb. However, he 
did not order the militia out, for reasons that constitution- 
al power was not given him, as he thought, to send the 
militia out of the jurisdictional boundaries of the slate. 

Fourteen thousand troops, under the command of gov- 
ernor Prevost, marched in two columns to Plattsburgh. — 
Their baggage and artillery v/ere conveyed by a column 
upon the lake road, whilst another marched under the 
command of general Brisbane, by the way of Beekman- 
town. Colonel Appling, with his rifle corps, being sta- 
tioned on the lake road, retired as far as Dead Creek, 
blocking up the road in such a manner as to impede tho 
advance of the enemy as much as possible. On the Gth, 
the British, under general Pov/ers, attacked a force of 
Beven hundred militia under the command cf general 
Mooers and major Wool, about seven miles from Platts- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 225 

burgh. The miiilia, at the first fire, became intiinidated 
and iied in every direction. Some, however, maintained 
tiieir ground, and with tiie troops uinler nir.jor Wool, 
fought bravely against the, superior numbers of the enemy, 
until tiiey arrived within a mile of the town, where, being 
reinforced by capi^inLeonard with some artillery, they stop- 
ped for a while the progress of the enemy. On being com- 
pelled to retire, they contested every inch of ground, un- 
til they arrived at Suranac. Here, in attempting to ford 
the river, the enemy were repulsed. The loss of the Brit- 
ish in this skirmish was about one hundred and six in kil- 
led and wounded, while that of the Americans did not ex- 
ceed twenty-five. 

The British took possession of the village north of the 
Saranac about eleven o'clock ; but they were compelled 
to retire before night beyond the reach of the American 
Hrtillery. Towards the close of the day their heavy artil- 
lery and baggage on the lake road crossed the beach, where 
a considerable loss was sustained from the tire of the A- 
merican row gallies. 

In this conflict lieutenant Duncan was severely wounded 
by a rocket, and four men were killed by the British ar- 
tillery. There was a continual skirmishing from the sixth 
to the eleventh between the enemy's pickets and th.e mili- 
tia, and both armies during the period were constantly em- 
ployed — the Americans in strengtliening their forts, and 
the British in erecting batteries, transporting heavy ord- 
nance, and making other preparations for attaf king their 
opposers. Captiiin Noadie, on the morning of the cev- 
enth, with a party, attempted to cross tlie upper bridge, 
seven miles from Platts!)urgh, where they were met by 
captain Vaughan with twenty-five men, and compelled IQ 
retire with two killed and seven wounded. 

Difficult indeed was the situation of general Macomb, 
whose force did not exceed 2000 men, and liis fortifica- 
tions a mere show of defence. If the British had persu- 
cd major Wool across the Saranac on the morning of the 
sixth, the American fortifications might have been secur- 
ed without any difficulty. This delay proved very injuri- 
ous to the British commander, by giving his opponents 
time to increase their fjrces. Ke erected several batte- 



228 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ries, and contented himself to wait until the supremacy of 
the lake was decided. 

Genera] Prevost arranged liis forces in two columns pre- 
paratory to the commencement of the action. One of the 
columns was stationed over the Saranac, an<fi the other in 
the village, ready to move whenever circumstances should 
demand. After this manner were things disposed of by 
the British at the time their fleet sailed into Plattsburgh 
bay. This naval armament was commanded by commo- 
dore Downie, and consisted of four vessels and thirteen 
gun-boats, mounting in the whole 95 guns, and manned 
by 1050 officers and seamen. The frigate Confiance 
carried thirty-nine guns, brig Linnet sixteen — the two 
sloops, Growler and Eagle, seven each, and 13 boats with 
one each. The squadron under the American command- 
er was anchored in the bay. It mounted eighty-six guns, 
having eight hundred and twenty men, and consisted of 
the Sarotoga, carrying twenty-six guns, the Eagle of twen- 
ty, the Ticonderoga seventeen, Preble seven, and tengua 
boa!s conveyirig sixteen. 

At nine o'clock the enemy anchored in a line ahead, 
about three hundred yards distance from the American 
line, having llie ciioice of position. In the arrangement 
of the squadrons the Confiance combatted the Saratoga, 
the Linnet the Eagle, the galleys, the shooner, sloops, 
and a division of the American galleys. The remaining 
American galleys fought against the Saratoga and Eagle. 
The wind had lulled away and the surface of the lake lay 
smooth and unraflied — reflecting on its clear waters the 
grandeur of the surrounding scenery. For a short time 
all was silent — not a motion or voice proceeded from the 
vast multitude that encamped near the battle-ground. — 
The Saratoga and the Confiance commenced tlie action 
by pouring in upon each other a most destructive fire, and 
the smaller vessels immediately followed their example, 
commodore M'Donough's situation became very danger- 
ous on being exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy's 
brig, when the Eagle cut iier cable and passed between 
the Saratoga and the Confiance. By a skilful manoeuvre 
in winding up his ship (which the British Commodore 
was unsuccessful in doing) M'Donough brought a fresh 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 227 

broad-side to bear upon the Corifiance, when she immedi- 
ately surrendered. The brig Linnet receiving a fresh 
broadside, surrendered after a contest of fifteen minute.s. 
A previous surrender was made by the sloop opposed to 
the Eagle and the galleys. Three of the galleys sunk and 
the rest escaped in a very shattered condition. The vic- 
tors took one frigate, one brig and two sloops. The en- 
gagement terminated after two hours and twenty minutes. 
A loss of eighty-four killed, among whom was commodore 
Downie, and one hundred and ten wounded, was sustained 
by the British. Fifty-two Americans were killed and 
fifty-eight wounded. 

The British opened their batteries by land as soon as 
the engagement between the fleets comtnenced. Several 
hundred shells and rockets were discharged, which oc- 
casioned but very little injury. The main body of the 
British lines attempted to cross the river in rear of the 
fort near Pike's cantonment, which after a brave resistance 
from three hundred and fifty of the New-York and Ver- 
mont volunteers, was effected, but on the arrival of lieu- 
tenant Sumpter's artillery, they commenced a precipitate 
retreat. The rear of the retreating party were attacked 
by the Vermont volunteers, who succeeded in capturing 
three officers and several privates of the enemy. Their 
hasty retreat was the only means of saving the detach- 
ment. Five of the Americans were killed and eight woun- 
ded. When the shouts of victory at half past eleven re- 
eounded through the American lines of the result of the 
battle on the lake, the efforts of the enemy became weak- 
«r. In the afternoon their intrenchments were deserted, 
and in the night succeeding, the whole enemy commenced 
a retreat to Canada. They were pursued some distance 
by the Americans, and several were taken prisoners; but 
the heavy and iacessant rain compelled the pursuers to 
return. 

The British lost of their land forces more than two 
thousand men in killed, wounded, prisoners and deserters, 
and a large quantity of ammunition and military stores ; 
while the aggregate loss of the Americans did not exceed 
on© hundred and fifty men. 

Nothing further of importance occurred on the northern 



. 223 HISTORY OF VERMOxNT. 

frontier clming the continuance of the war. The conflict 
in this quarter had been severe — trooj3s never contested 
more bravely for the iionorsofconquesl; but tlie exertions 
ot'the Americans were generally during this campaign 
crowned with success and the lionors of victory. In most 
pnrt^ of the United w^tates, upon tlio frontiers and tiie sea- 
board, the distresses of war and the jjorrors of battle had 
been experienced ; yet no farther description has been 
given of the progress of hostilities between this country 
and Great-Britain than what related to the northern cam- 
paign. A recapitulation of the most celebrated and gen- 
eral engagements may serve as an illustration of many 
subjects embraced in the description of this state. Those 
instances of bravery and heroi^^m displayed on the ocean 
find frontiers of the United States, can never fade from 
the recollection of those who are friendly to the cause of 
American liberty. 

The campaign of 1812 was distinguished for naval en- 
gagements, in which the commnnders of the United States 
frigates Constitution, Wasp, United States, and Consti- 
tution, commanded by commodores llu!], Jones, Decatur, 
nnd Bainbridge, captured the Britisli ships of war Guer- 
rier, Frolick, iMacedonian, and Java, commanded by cap- 
tains Dacres, Whinyates, Carden and Lamloert. In Jan- 
uary, 1313, the British, under general Procter, gained a 
cruel and blood-stained victory over general Winchester 
of the United States army. 

Upon the ocean, captain Broke, of the frigate Sliannon, 
conquered the American vessel Cliesnpenke, under the 
command of captain Lawrence. The British vessel Ar- 
gus, sailed by captain iMaples, took an American vessel 
pommanded by lieutenant Allen. The Enternrize, liouten- 
tenant Burrows commander, took the British brig Boxer, 
sailed by captain Blythe. During the progress oftlie cam- 
paign for 1814, the American Irrigate Essex, commanded 
by commodore Porter, surrendered to a British fleet, un- 
der commodore lliilyar. The-Frolic, commanded by com 
fnodore Bainbridijs, war taken by the British vessel Or- 
pheus. An English squadron captured commodore Deca- 
tur, with tlie frigate President. The British \'cssels Cay- 
eoe and Levant were captured by commodore Stewart, of 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 2^ 

the American ship Constitution. Tiie American vessels 
Peacock, Wasp, and Hornet successfully attacked and 
made prizes of the British vessels Epervicr, Reindeer, 
and Penguin, commajided by captains Wales, Manners, 
and Nelson. The English forces at Baltimore, under gen- 
eralRoss, were signally repulsed by the Americaps, com- 
manded by general Strieker. Generals Packcnham and 
Gibb?", with their European myrinidons at New-Orleans, 
were repelled with great loss by general Jackson. 

The battles upon the northern frontier having been des- 
cribed in the work, it appeared proper to separate from 
them those before mentioned. In 1812, the British pre- 
vailed at the battle of Queenstown, owing to the defection 
of the New-York militia under the command of general 
Van Rensselaer. In the campaign of the following year, 
generals Dearborn and Pike conquered the British army 
at York, and took the capitol of Upper Canada. General 
Harrison of the American army gained a signal victory 
over the British and the celebrated Indian, Tecumseh, at 
Detroit. Generals Brown, Scott, Gaines and Ripley glo- 
riously defeated the British veterans, under the comtnand 
of generals Drummond and Riall, at the deadly battles of 
Chippewa, Bridgewater and fort Erie. Upon lake Erie 
commodore Perry, with the American squadron, captured 
the English fleet under commodore Barclay. In the 
campaign of 1814, the squadron under commodore Mc- 
Donough, on lake Ghamplain, captured the British fleet 
commanded by commodore Downie. Sir George Prevost, 
governor-general of Canada, was repulsed by general Ma- 
comb, at the siege of Plattshurgh. 

On the 17th of February, while the victory at New- 
Orleans was animating'the feelings of the Americans, the 
welcome tidings of a treaty of peace, executed at Ghent 
on the 24th of December, 1814, was brotjj^ht to America 
and ratified at the same time by the president and senate. 
The treaty now entered upon was silent on the subject 
for which the war had been professedly declared. It con- 
tained no express stipulation against those maratime out- 
rages committed by Great-Britain, which had. been the 
principal causes of the dithculties. Provisions were only 
made in it for the su«pension of hostilitigs — the change of 

20 



233 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

prisoners — the restoration of territories and possessions 
ncqaired by the contending powers during hostilities — the 
determination of unsettled boundaries, and for a united ef- 
fort to abolish the trafic in slaves. The orders in council 
being repealed, and the termination of the war in Europe 
removing all the motives for impressment, the causes for 
which the war was declared did in fact no longer exist, al- 
though America had failed, as the combined neutrality of 
Europe formerly did, in compelling England to make a 
formal relinquishment of the principles on which her ex- 
horbitant claims were founded, 

The tumults of war had now subsided, and peace again 
rerivified the drooping energies of the country. All clas- 
ces of community rejoiced in the returning prosperity of 
tap public ftnd individuai concerns of the Union. 



ClIAPTEF*. XI. 



A Narrative of the Legislative Proceedings from the 
year 1814 to 1S21. — Unusual cold Sumnier in 1816. — 
President Monroe's Tour through the State. — Govern' 
or Galu8ha\s resignation in 1319. — Mr. Ski?iner elect- 
ed governor in 1829. — Resohitiojis upon the question of 
admitting Missouri into the Union. — Election of judge 
Van Ness governor of Vermont in 1S23. — General La 
Fayette's visit to Vermont. — Hia reception among the 
people, 

1815. Mr. Galusha, the former governor of the state, 
was placed at the head of the government, after two years 
magistracy of Mr. Chittenden, The asperity of party 
feelings was mitigated by the pleasures of social inter- 
course, and systematic opposition discovered itself only 
ill the occasional paralysis of subsiding passions. The 
people discovered that their trve interest consisted in the 
cultivation of friendly sentiments and the pursuit of peace- 
fejl occupations. Those portions of the state, which the 
improvements and changing condition of the people made 
i»9Hsa alteration or addition necessary, were noticed in tho 



HISTORY OF VERMOx^T. 231 

governor's communication to the legislative body. 

Certain resolutions, proposing amendments to tho fed- 
eral constitution, from tiie legislature of Massachusetts, 
wore submitted at this session for the consideration of 
the legislature of Vermont. Under these propor^itions of 
amendment, a convention had been called by three of the 
New-England states, at Hartford, tlie year preceding, at 
whicii time and place tJie people of this state were roques- 
ted to send delegates ; but their representatives, then at 
the annual session of the legislature, refused to join them 
or sanction their proceedings. The legislature now re- 
solved that it was inexpedient to concur with Massachu- 
setts in tho amendments proposed. A copy of the reso- 
hition was ordered to bo transmitted to each member of 
Congress from the state and to the governors of each 
state in the Union. Among the acts passed at this ses- 
sion of the assembly, one granting the exclusive privilege 
of navigating lake Ghamplain by steam, for the term cf 
twenty-three years, to a certain company, was enacted. — 
Every other person under penalty of five hundred dollar?, 
was forbid making or encroaching upon this privilege. — 
Such h monopolizing privilege, so clearly opposed to tho 
constitution of this t-tate and the United States, raised 
considerable opposition in the house. However, tiie com- 
pany were secured in the exercise of these partial immu- 
nities until the judicial authority of the federal government 
decided such grants void, in the case of the steamboat 
company upon North river. 

The case of Godfrey, who was sentenced to be execu- 
ted at Woodstock, was brought before the legislature for 
commutation of punishment, or a reprieve. A delay for 
a few months was granted, but he was afterwards execu- 
ted, which was the second punishment of the kind that 
ever took place under the government of the state. 

The wanton and inhuman murder of sixty-three Ameri- 
can prisoners, who were confined at Dartmoor prison, by 
captain Shutland and the garrison, occasioned a great ex- 
citement through the country. The matter wasjiowever, 
so explained as to free the government from all implica- 
tions in the transaction. 

1S16, In consequence of the embarrassmente to which 



232 fllSTORY OF VERxMONT. 

the American commerce liad been subjact for severrJ 
years previous and during the late war, large capitals 
were vested in manufactories of various kinds of goods. — 
But on the return of peace, the English, by the facilities 
and improvements in mechanism, were enabled to under- 
sell the American manufacturers. This gave a severe 
shock, and many extensive establishments entirely failed. 
Petitions for protecting establishments of this kind, were 
laid before the general government, and additional duties 
strongly recommended by a committee on manufactures, 
appointed by Congress. A new tariff law was enacted, 
itnposing small additional duties upon the importation of 
certain articles of foreign growth or fabrication. The com- 
rnsrcial interest and planters of cotton in the southern 
states opposed this measure so strenuously that nothing 
effectual was accomplisliud towards the encouragement 
of this useful branch of industry. 

IMr. Galusha was again elected governor of the state, 
and after the organization of the house, he requested their 
attention very particularly to the encouragement of man- 
utactures; the importance of which to the commercial 
prosperity has been very ably advocated and urged by the 
principal heads of the government. They represented 
tlie manufacture of such raw n>aterials as are the product 
or growtli of the soil of Vermont,the only means by which 
commercial exchange can be supported. The raw mate- 
rials must be manufactured into various fabrics and wares, 
by the inhabitants of the state, in order to compete with 
importations from foreign countries. The extensive vari- 
ety and amount of merchandise which the taste and im- 
provements of the age have put in requisition, find an in- 
adequate resource for payment in the produce from the 
soil. Manufactures must be relied on to make up the de- 
ficiency. 

In the spring and summer of this year, the weather was 
remarkably cold. Snow fell in almost every part of the 
stale, and in many places to the depth of a foot and a half 
Dry, cold weather succeeded in the fall. The clouds re- 
turned without moisture, and the air was filled with dust 
upon the slightest agitation of the wind. Such were the 
apprehensions of a general famine from the uncommon 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 23:3 

failure of crops, that the governor, in his speech to the 
legislature, recommended a prudent expenditure of tlie 
most scanty provisions, to avoid the evils and calamities 
of want. The annual complimentary answer was return- 
ed, after a long and spirited debate in the house, to the 
governor's speech. The sentiments contained in it exhib- 
ited certain degrees of party irritability, and in one in- 
stance the harshness of personal resentment was expres- 
sed against the federal party, when they "declared the 
withdrawal of confidence from those delegates in Congress 
of the United States, who have unnecessarily increased the 
public expenditures in a time of embarrassment, aflbrds 
a pleasing proof that the citizens of the state look well to 
the men whom they place in authority, and that they are 
determined to detect and repel even the slightest encroacii- 
ment upon their rights.'' The salary of the representa- 
tives of Congress had been increased the last session, con- 
trary to the wishes of the freemen of Vermont, vvh.o by. 
their suffrages this year changed every member of the del- 
egation. This was the termination of a practice v/hich 
had occasioned the most violent contentions and consum- 
ed much time and money, during the whole period from 
the first election of governor Tichenor, in 1797. No sin- 
gle topic introduced amongst the business of legislation 
had given rise to such impassioned feelings and useless 
altercation. To be freed from such a needless custom 
was very favorable to the accomplishment of public busi- 
ness in the general assembly. 

1817. The internal afiairs of the state assumed a more 
prosperous condition — a bountiful harvest supplied the 
wants of the people — returning peace brought tranquillity 
to its borders, and business became generally more fixecF 
and certain. 

The emancipation of the South American colonists was 
very particularly noticed by the governor, and strongly 
desired by the public in general. " Should the emanci- 
pation of the southern continent take place, we may ra- 
tionally hope ere long to see arts and sciences, agricul- 
ture, commerce and manufactures flourishing throughout 
that vast, populous and fertile region, and every rank of 
its inhabitants, in the full fruition of all the blessings of 

20^ 



2:34 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

civil and religious libert}', unshackled by supcrstiticn 
and unincumbered by the edicts of kings\" But no one 
could foresee or predict such important revolutions in the 
moral and political condition of tlie people, as their recent 
transactions have ettected. Several states have arisen to 
the blessings office constitutions, and the subjects th'ere- 
©f emancipated from the bonds of slavery. Whether the 
people of these new governments are sufriciently acquaint- 
ed wit!) such useful and necessary information as to be 
capable of seli-governTiient, remains to be determined by 
their future proceedini^fs." 

Private acts were passed remunerating certain individ- 
oals for losses sustained in consequence of their proceed- 
ings in cases provided by the acts of the legislature,in lSi2, 
By one, colonel Fifield,' detaclied from tiie militia of Ver- 
mont, was. granted the sum of 1112 dollars, to remuner- 
ate him for losses sustained in consequence of an order 
and subsequent attempt to carry into effect the Vermont 
rron-intercourse act, in the year above mentioned. Thrs 
law, by a decision of the supreme court of the state, was 
declared unconstitutional and all proceedings under it void. 
Claims of a similar character have frequently been brought 
forward for legislative remuneration, but their presentation 
has been quite unsuccessful. Tliese originating from pro- 
ceedings had under the established laws oftlie state, and 
declared illegal by the judiciary of the state,ought injustice 
and equity to be remunerated by the power wiiich created 
Ihem. In the course of this year an arrangement was 
concluded with the British government for the reduction 
of the naval force of Great-Britain and the United States 
upon the lakes, by providing that neither should keep in 
service on the lakes Ontario or Champlain more than one 
armed vessel and that to have only one gun. 

During tliisyear, Mr. Monroe,' president of the United 
States, visited the eastern and middle slates, for the pur- 
pose of examining the situation of public works, such as 
navy yards, arsenals and forts, and for viev.ing the gen- 
eral circumstances of the citizens through this portion of 
the Republic. He was received yvith demonstrations of 
gratitude and affection wherever he appeared. On enter- 
ing Vermont, arrangements were made at the villages upon 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 235 

his route from Connecticut river on the cast to lake Cham- 
plain on the west, for tendering the hospitalities and ex- 
pressing the joy of the people, on their being favored 
with au interview from the venerable president of the 
Union. 

1818. This year no changes were made in the heads 
of the government, and nothing of political excitement 
appeared betbre the councils of tlie state. The governor's 
speech, upon the subject of agriculture, contains obser- 
vations of a practical and useful nature, and such as aro 
and will continue (if practiced upon) to be the great sour- 
ces of national subsistence and freedon). . *'Many useful 
improvements (snys he) have been made in the state, 
while no considerrible attempts have been commenced to 
improve the condition of agriculture.'' Althonnh as much 
reliance as possible is placed upon home manufactures for 
the consumption of tlio slate, yet it must be confessed that 
the main source of wealth and subsistence of every class 
of citizens must depend on the cultivation of the soil. — 
*' When our farms were new and unimpaired by tillnge, it 
was profitable to extend our labors and cast our seed over 
a large portion of the soil ; but as our lands become less 
productive by the frequency of croj)S, it is necessary tliat 
new modes of husbandry should be resorted to, in order 
to keep them in a fertile state, and that the dirlcrent qual- 
ities of the soil be improve<l to the best advantage for til- 
lage or grazing, which in all probability will require more 
labor and expense in cultivating an equbl quantity of land, 
and of course prevent the too frequent emigration of the 
laboring class of our citizens." It was furtlier suggested, 
that something useful might be accomplished by authori- 
zing enterprizing individuals to form societies invested 
with corporate powers, for the useful purposes of advan- 
cing the agricultural interest, encouraging manufactures, 
and improving breeds of domestic animals throughout the 
several counties of the state. 

The business of legislation was transacted harmoni- 
ously, and many important public acts were enacted du- 
ring the session. But in times of the greatest tranquilli- 
ty, like the present, there is much need of care and per- 
•everance, which are iodispensible to the preservation of 



236 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the rights and privileges of a iVee people. Republics hare 
in all ages of the world been overthrown by the decay of 
virtue and intelligence among the people, rather than 
from a combination of potentates or armies. 

The Congress of the United States repealed the law 
imposing internal duties upon imports into this country. — 
They also passed an act granting to every indigent officer 
and soldier of the revolutionary army, whoso property did 
not exceed one hundred dollars, a pension of twenty dol- 
lars a montli to each officer and eight dollars a month to 
every private who had served the term of nine months in 
the army. 

A medical academy was instituted at Castleton by an 
act of the legislature of this session, for the purpose of 
instructing in the science of physic, surgery, chymistry, 
and all tho various branches connected with the healing 
art. This institution has been connected with Middlebu- 
ry college, and is in a very .flourishing condition. 

1819. The legislature assembled this fall for the last 
time under tlie administration of governor Galusha; who 
informed the members of the assembly and the public of 
his determination to spend the residue of his life in do- 
mestic retirement; and recommended to the freemen of 
the state to unite on some other person to perlbrm the du- 
ties of chief-magistrate after his term of public service 
had expired : Adding that his zeal for the public good 
would never cease but with his reason or his life. Mr. 
Galusha had served in various public capacities almost 
from his first settlement in the state, in 1775. At the bat- 
tle of Bennington, he fought at the head of a company 
belonging to Shaftsbury, over whom he had previously 
been appointed a captain. Two years, ending with the 
political year 1S08, he was elected one of the three judg- 
es constituting the supreme court of the state, and after- 
wards received nine elections for governor of the state. — - 
If it was a great and glorious act for Oamillus or Wash- 
ington, after having freed their country, to retire to a cot- 
tage, rather than to reign in a capitol, surely a resigna- 
tion of the highest honors of office in Vermont discovers 
no less the humility of the individual and the patriotism of 
the statesman. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 237 

An address was adopted by the house and communica- 
ted to tlic governor, on his retirement from oflice, from 
uhich t!ie following is an extract: — "On u review of the 
events of the memorable struggle of our fathers for inde- 
pendence, we find you in early life on the banks of the 
Walloomsac-k, witli your patriotic band, teaching them 
boldly to defend their country. In discharging the duties 
of councillor, judge, and governor, you have ever merited 
and received the approbation of your fellow citizens." 

The attention of the legislative assembly was requested 
upon the subject of freeing the body of debtors from arrest 
and imprisonment on debts of small amount. The follow- 
ing paragraph exh.ibits the views that v»'ore then entertain- 
ed upon this much agitated subject. *' I am of opinion 
that more property is spent in collecting small debts bv 
law, especially where the body is taken in execution, than 
the amount of the debts saved by such collection. I also 
believe that it would discourage credit vv'here it ought not 
be given, and produce punctuality in those who obtain it. 
Yet the only safe remedy against embarrassment or pover- 
ty is a retrenchment of family expenses and lessening the 
consumption of articles of foreign growth and manufac- 
ture.'' 

The usual business of the legislature was accomplished 
with much unanimity of feelings. Among their procee- 
dings, a resolution was adopted approving in the highest 
terms the laudable and humane exertions of many individ- 
uals indifferent sections of the country, in forming a so- 
ciety for the purpose of establishing a colony of free peo- 
ple of color on the western coast of Africa, and resolving 
that the senators and representatives in Cc>i;gress from 
this state, be requested to exert their influence for the adop- 
tion of such measures as will most etfeciually promote the 
great and benevolent views and objects of the society — 
that the unfortunate Africans might enjoy the privileges 
asserted in our constitution, " that all men are born equal- 
ly free and independent, and have certain and unalienable 
rights, among which are the enjoying and defending of 
life and liberty, possessing and protecting property, and 
obtaining ha|)piness and safety." This subject has re- 
ceived considerable attention JVom some of the most infiu- 



233 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ential men in the country. 

1820. Mr. Skinner, the former chief justice of iho 
Btate, was elected governor. His speech, delivered be- 
fore the council and house of representatives, contained 
plain and con^prehensive views of the laws and regulations 
of the state, and among fne various topics to which the 
attention of the legislature were directed, that of making 
frcijucnt alterations in the public statutes, was mentioned 
as a great evil. Tiie best evidence which the represen- 
tative^3 of the people can give of tlieir taithfulness and in- 
telligence, is a reluctant and careful approach at innova- 
tion. 

The delays and expense which arc incident to the ad- 
ministration of justice, arc represientcd to exceed all that 
i:s required to sustain every department of the govcrnmeni; 
and Wiien this practice is opposed to the bill of rights, 
which declares that, every person ought to obtain right and 
justice freely, witliout being obliged to purchase it, com- 
pletely and without denial, promptly and without delay. — ■ 
T!)is was referred to in the message of the governor, a* a 
Kubject of the dec[)est interest. Trials in some cases of 
l>nt a tew dollars consequence have caused the expendi- 
tt;re of thousands and a great waste of time, and all that 
without establishing any important precedents for guard- 
ing the rights and privileges of the public. The present 
organization of the Vermont judiciary, has had a tenden- 
cy to the despatch of business, and to prevent a nuiltipli- 
rity of law suits. What the law is has been clearly and 
Bubstantially expressed in the cases reported. The char- 
acter of the state vitally depends upon tiie judiciary, and 
** the degree of confidence reposed in a government is 
measured by the rank it sustains.*^ A resolution was in- 
troduced and passed by t!ic legislature, renionstrating 
against the admission of Missouri into the union, with a 
constitution legalizing slavery and the cruel and unnatural 
tradic in human blood, ^i'he subject of their resolution 
was, that congress has a right to prohibit any further ex- 
tention of slavery, as one of the conditions from which any 
new slate may be admitted into the union. They there- 
tore viewed wltli alarm t!ie attempts of the inhabitants of 
Missouri to obtain admission into the union, as onu of th© 



HISTORY OF VERxMONT. 239 

United States, under a constitution which legalizes and 
secures the introduction and continuance of slavery, and 
also prevents freemen from emigrating and seliling in 
said state, on account of their origin, color and features. 
The legislature considered the principles, powers and 
restrictions contained in the re|)uted constitution of Mis- 
f-0!?ri as anti-repuhlican and repugnant to the constitution 
ofthe United States ; and further, ihcy resolved to instruct 
their senators and representatives in Congress to exert 
their influence and use all legal njeasures to prevent tho 
admission of Missouri into the union of the states, with 
such anti-republican powers in Ijer constitution. 

The subject was agitated in Congress with great warmth, 
and at no time had tlje parties in that body been so marked 
by a geographical division or so much actuated by feel- 
ings so dangerous to the union of the states, as at this 
time. This controversy was not confined to the seat of 
the general government, or the state of Vermont, but it 
attracted the attention of the people in all parts of the 
Union. Meetings were called in the northern states, and 
spirited resolutions were passed, expressing their fears 
of a perpetuation of slavery, and their approbation ofthe 
rectricticn. The restriction was opposed by the southern 
party, on the ground of self-defence. They alleged that 
the admission of Missouri without any restriction, would 
in no degree tend to perpetuate slavery. The number of 
slaves would not be accumulated by tliis measure, but 
ihey would be diminished by removing from one state to 
another. They declared that it would be a dangerous 
and tyrannical act in the federal government, and one 
that would infringe upon the sovereignties of the states^ 
eliould the restriction be persisted in and adopted,. 

After discussing the question through the great part of 
the session, a bill passed for the admission of Missouri 
into the Union ofthe States, without any restriction, but 
with the inhibition of slavery throughout the territories of 
the United States north of 36 degrees andSOminules north 
latitude. 

1821. The legislature again aesembled with governor 
Skinner at the head ofthe government. Certain resolu- 
tiotis aud reports from committees in the legislatures of 



240 HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

Maryland and New-Hampshire, on the subject of appro- 
priating the public lands for tlie purposes of educalion, 
were submitted for the co-operation of the legislature of 
Vermont. The people of Vermont, in rhe language of 
the governor's speech, "can feel no delicacy in making a 
claim of this kind, for no one of the United States, in pro- 
portion to their ability, contributed more to the acquisition 
of those rights which were purchased by the toil, distres- 
ses and sacrifices of the revolutionary war. Situated up- 
on the frontier,tiiey constituted a barrier between the ene- 
my and the confederated states. Not having then been 
acknowledged as a member of the confederation, no part 
of the expense they incurred in the war has been assumed 
by the general government, while they have participated 
in the burthens of the public debt." 

A resolution was passed declaring that each of the Uni- 
ted States had an equal right to participate in the benefits 
of the public lands, as tiie common property of the Union, 
and that the states in whose fiivor Congress have not made 
appropriations of land for the purpose of education, will 
be entitled to su ^h appropriations as shall have been made 
in favor of the other states. However just such a distri- 
bution of the public domain might be in principle, yet in 
practice it has been considered inexpedient. Another 
subject ot quite a popular character amongst a majority 
of the people, was, the attempts at revising and ultimate- 
ly at reducing the fee bill. The itemsof expenses attend- 
ing the business of litigation and the salaries of certain of- 
ficers of the government, were considered extravagant 
and oppressive upon the people; and in the end would oc- 
casion an overthrow of the government of the country. — 
A reduction of certain items in the taxation of costs and a 
limitation of the salaries of certain ofhcers of the govern- 
ment, was, after a long and animated debate, enacted in- 
to a law of the state. Those employed in the laborious 
occupations of life, and likewise many others, anticipated 
much relief from the adoption of this measure. Probably 
it has operated as a salutary check upon the frequent ex- 
cesses that had been practiced. 

Acts of suspension have frequently been granted by the 
legislature upon debts due to individuals as well as to the 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 211 

the state, which are in direct opposition to the constitution, 
declaring that no law sliali be enacted impairing the obli- 
gation of contracts. Tlie custom of granting relief to in- 
dividuals in delaying the fulfilment oftheir contracts, wad 
entered upon by the legislature and was considered a tran- 
scendency of the legitimate powers of the legislative body. 
The revision of the proceedings of the supreme court aiid 
granting new trials after cases have been solemnly adjudi- 
cated, upon a full presentation of the evidence, uas now 
regarded as an improper subject of legislation, and but 
two or three new trials have since been granted. 

1S2"»2. The meeting of the general assembly was held 
in October, after a year's recurrence distinguished by no 
particular prosperity or adversity to the inhabitants of the 
state. One of the principal topics of public interest and 
attention was the subject of manufactures. 

Vermont, said the committee on the subject of manufac- 
tures, "can raise as fine wool as any quarter of ihe globe 
— her mountains furnish pasturage of the best kind, and 
roll down their thousand streams to aid us in its manutac- 
t-are It also abounds with ores and forests for coal, amply 
sufficient for the manufacture of iron in all its varieties and 
equal to the consumption of the state, and for abundant im- 
poVtation. Many materials are found within the state, on 
which the industry and ingenuity of our citizens might op- 
erate to great advantage, and ultimately be sources of 
revenue, if a capital could be allured to the object by tho 
affinity and patronage of our laws.'^ 

An act to prevent usury was, in compliance to the rec- 
ommendation of governor Skinner, passed. The rate of 
interest was limited to six per cent, and all contracts where- 
by a higher rate of interest should be taken or secured, were 
declared void. The payment of unlawful interest was made 
recoverable within one year next after such transaction. — 
Those interested as the receivers of usury could be com- 
pelled to disclose the same in a court of chancery. After 
the amount disclosed should be refunded, the delinquent 
becomes dischargcvl from any further liability. In some 
governments, money, like other property, is left to regu- 
late itself in market, and this practice had many advocates 
in Vermont. 

21 



212 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

In a government founded upon the avowed principle 
of securing equal privileges and furnishing equal protec- 
tion to all, "justice demands of those to whom its admin- 
istration is entrusted, so to provide as that the unsuspect^ 
ing and unfortunate maybe secured against the unjust ex- 
actions of the more artful and fortunate. The acquisition 
of wealth by laudable industry, economy and prudence 
merits approbation and encouragement ; but laws, provi- 
ding facilities for a few calculating, greedy citizens, to 
monopolize that property, the produce of the toil and in- 
dustry of the more useful and deserving, can never be 
sanctioned by the faithful and intelligent representatives of 
the people." 

Mr. Skinner requested of the freemen of the state not to 
honor him again with their suffrages, as he deemed it a 
duty to desire that he might not be considered a candi- 
date for the office. 

i8'23. Judge Van Ness was returned governor elect at 
the meeting of the assembly this year. A customary speech 
was delivered by him to the legislative bodies fraught with 
sentiments of interest and concern for the welfare of the 
state. " In calling your attention to the immediate con- 
cerns of this state, I am not sensible that any material al- 
terations in the laws relating to any department of the 
government could be beneficially made at this time. The 
stability of the laws is next in importance to their wisdom ; 
yet so great is the desire of mankind for change and so pre- 
dominant their ambition for the character of reform, that 
they are seldom at a loss for subjects to act upon, and af- 
ter starting upon slight and apparently judicious amend- 
ments, their zeal will frequently urge them to overleap the 
bounds prescribed for themselves in the outset, and in their 
progress destroy the fairest and most valuable systems." 
A desire of change and the honors connected with legisla- 
tive efforts at management and debate, occasion a great 
expense to the state and controversy among the people. — 
And further, it produces much uncertainty in the law, and 
thereby occasions perplexing and expensive law suits, 
highly detrimental to the prosperity of the state. Few al- 
terations were made in the laws at this session. That spe- 
cies of gambling denominated horse raceing, where a pre- 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 243 

niium in money or any valuable property was bet or haz- 
arded, was prohibited, upon the forfeiture of the horse so 
kept for running ami the loss of the money staked. The 
influence of gambling has been very deleterious upon na- 
tional affairs, no nir as the citizens of the United States 
have progressed in practices of-this character. The ster- 
ling virtues of the Romans were dissipated at their nation- 
al games, and luxury destroyed the patriotism and energy 
of the state. 

1S21. This year the tariff upon cotton goods, which 
had engaged the attention of the people throughout the 
United States ever since 1816, was laid upon foreign im- 
portations. It had been proved from experience that man- 
ufactures needed protection, and that such policy had been 
pursued by those governments where they flourished. — 
The English had grown rich by their protecting system ; 
hence other nations could participate in similar privile- 
ges. 

On the reaccession of Mr. Van Ness to the chair of 
state, he directed the attention of the legislature to the al- 
teration of the law for choosing the electors of tho presi- 
dent and vice-president of the United States. In compli- 
ance with this recommendation, an act was passed giving 
the choice of the electors to the people, by a general tick- 
et, instead of the former method, by a legislative appoint- 
ment. 

vSince the close of the late war with Great-Britain, par- 
ty spirit continued to subside, until the contest for the pres- 
idential election excited aspirited opposition, which, how- 
ever, did not become so general or inveterate as in their 
former contests. On canvassing the character and quali- 
fications of the respective candidates, at the first election 
of Mr. Adams, in Vermont, the opposition raised against 
his claims was very trifling. The pride of New-England, 
in having one of her sons honored with the highest office 
in the government, and one who was in every respect com- 
petent to discharge the various and important duties an- 
nexed to his office by the provisions of the national con- 
stitution, actuated the ingenuous and ei. lightened senti- 
ments of the freemen of Vermont to take a general and 
decisive stand in favor of the successful candidate. Sec- 



2ii HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

tional feelings operated somewhat in his favor ; but his 
lon^ and fai hl'ul services in the government, his profound 
knosvlriflga and political integrity, and above all the rest, 
as an oflicer invested with the civil power and authority of 
t!ie country, liis truly legal and philosophic method of de- 
riding on ditficult and important subjects of commercial 
and political interest between this and other nations, by 
a kind of intellectual calculation founded upon the strictest 
rules of legal evidence, rather than by the presentiments 
of habit or the momentary bursts of feeling, gave him a 
decided preference over any other individual. His quali- 
fications were considered as worthy of succeeding the 
venerated Washington, and in his administration of tiie 
government the expectations of the people have been fully 
realized. 

The arrival of general La Fayette, the early and dis- 
tinguished benefactor of the American Republic, was 
liailed with acclamations of joy and festivity throughout 
the country. On the 17th of August he and his son enter- 
ed the city of New-York, where they were met by the 
city authorities and a military escort, and welcomed to 
the shores of a country whose freedom and happiness he 
had contributed so much towards establishing. A com- 
mittee of the general assembly reported, that Vermont, in 
common with her sister slates, would rejoice in the oppor- 
tunity of i-anifestiiig her gratitude by a solemn and public 
act. The feelings and duty of the state, say the commit- 
tee, are united in demanding an expression of gratitude 
which is owed to this w^orthy patriot of the revolution. — 
Accordingly tljo legislative councils of the state voted that 
tiie governor should, in behalf of the people of Vermont, 
invite general La Fayette to extend liis tour into tlje state, 
and honor its citizens with his presence. In July 4th, 
1S25, the general crossed the Connecticut and entered the 
state of Vermont for the hrsttime, at Windsor. Here he 
met with a friendly and interesting reception from the gov- 
ernor and a numerous body of citizens assembled to par- 
ticipate in the joy and gratitude of the occasion. After 
the ceremony of an addrc>s, and a reply from the Nation's, 
guest were concluded, ho proceeded with the governor 
and a large escort of citizens over the lofty mountains of 



HISTORY OP VERMONT. 2^15 

V^ermont, by the way of Montpelier, to Burlington, where 
• much gratification was experienced in making arrange- 
ments and beholding the early and celebrated friend of 
our country. His reception was the offering of unaffected 
friendship. Indifferent as the state was for the attendant 
curiosities of wealthy and populous cities, yet her exhibi- 
tions were of a castas wortiiy of the character of an en- 
lightened Republic as the more brilliant examples of ex- 
pensive munificence. With Vermont, the highest com- 
mendations of character were an undeviating affection 
and zeal for the rights and liberties of the country; and 
such has been her bravery in war and the difiiculties of 
revolutions, that patriotism is not humbled by declaring 
her a brave and energetic people. During the gloomy 
period of 1781, says the address, the citizens of this state 
were violently assailed by two powerful neighboring states, 
w hile her bold and inflexible patriots were nobly struggling 
for self existence and state independence. The waters of 
yonder beautiful lake were covered with an hostile fleet 
and powerful army, and all her strong holds in the undis- 
turbed possession of the enemy; but Washington was 
our mediator and friend. A self created board of war, 
consisting of eight persons, wielded the destinies of the 
New-Hampshire grants, then containing thirty thousand 
inhabitants. I hare, says the general in his reply, *' the 
gratification in the sons of the green mountains to find 
many who have been my intimate companions, and while 
in the throngs of both sexes and of every age, who so 
kindly welcome me, I often recognise the features and 
shall ever recognise the feelings of my American cotem- 
poraries." La Fayette was accompanied through the lake 
to Whitehall by the governor and other gentlemen from 
V^ermont, where he then proceeded directly to New-York. 
An act,before mentioned, was passed giving to the people 
the power of choosing the electors of the president and 
vice-president, which had formerly been exercised by the 
legislature. The progress of the bill was delayed by a 
motion of amendment, which proposed giving the choice 
of electors to the people at the approaching election. The 
present crisis of public affairs was urged in favor of giv- 
ing the law an immediate effect. This power, the birth- 

21* 



216 HISTORY OF VEKMOrCT. 

right of tlie people^ they asserted had been Nvithheld so 
long that it shouhi not now be delayed even by the custom- 
ary rules of legislation. One argument of a leading mem- 
ber was^ that such professions of love for the people, with- 
out corresponding actions, did noty like IJonaparte's sys- 
tem, amount to much. Thf motion tor amendment was 
therefore dismissed by 183 in the affirmative and 23 in the 



CHAPTER XII. 



Proceedings of lite General A^semhhi from the year lS2i 
to the termination of the year 1330.— ril/r. Bu'ler elect- 
ed governor in 1S26. — Great demand for bavMn g priv- 
ileges. — Legal provisions for tlie bethr regulation of 
common schools. — Mr. Crafts* election for governor of 
the state in 1823. — Excittnent on (lie sidject of the 
frtsi'lential election. — Controversy concerning mason- 
ry. — Popular vieics on the subject. — Flood in 1S30. — 
Election of Mr. Crafts by the house of representatives. 
"—State of parties. 

1825. The lejrislatnra convened tliis fall v/ith Mr. Van 
Kess again at the head of the government. The attention 
of the legislature was particularly directed to the subject 
of internal improvements — the navigation of Connecticut 
river, and the junction of its waters with those of lake 
Champlain and Memphremagog, v>'ere the routes vv'hich 
received the notice of the pubfic. The period may not 
be far distant when the attention of the state may properly 
be fixed upon enterprises of this kind ; but to v, hat extent, 
time and the advancing resources of the state only can de-r 
tcrmine. 

Canal commissioners were appointed and nn P.ppropri- 
ation of five hundred dollars made for their expenses, 
whose duty it was to assist any commissioner of the Uni- 
ted Slates who should be sent on to ascertain the most 
practicable route tor the erection of canals within this 
Btutc ; and a further sum of seventv-five dollars was also 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 21T 

approprinted to aid the subscriptions for proceeding with 
a survey of the contemplated routes from JMontpelier to 
lake Champlain. 

The expediency and benefit of attempting public works 
of this kind in Vermont, was debated with considerable 
earnestness and zeal in the house. Calculations were 
made by the members who favored the contemplated im- 
provements, that the intercourse and trade of the state 
would be sufficiently facilitated to meet the expense and 
furnish a revenue equal to the interest and an additional 
profit upon the capital expended ; that the other slates en- 
gaged in constructing such public works have already 
witnessed the prosperity which they have tended to pro- 
duce. The evils of refusing to direct the energies of the 
country to the subject of internal improvementf^ was por- 
trayed in lively colors. An alienation of amicable feel- 
ing — a severance of natural friendship, say ihey, will pur- 
sue the destiny of that country^ advancing in one section 
by its improvements, and in another depressed by an in- 
attention to its interest. The bonds of national union aro 
strengthened by a friendly intercourse and an equal parti- 
cipation of confederate wealth and prosperity. An equal- 
ization in improvements only can sustain the health, pros- 
perity and t>eedom of the political compact of the United 
i^^tales. Should the enterprise and talents of some of tlie 
states monopolize the profits which an advancing country 
might put in requisition, want and dependence will be ex- 
perienced by the others. The people will emigrate for 
subsistence, and manufactures will becon;e a source of 
unimproved wealth. Tliose who opposed the project were 
willing that companies should be formed and invested with 
corporate power for enjoying all the immunities and prof- 
its arising from improvements in transportation, either by 
canals or railways ; but they would not consent to have 
the state become accountable or undertake in the scheme. 

The revenue of the state arises from public taxep asses- 
sed upon the grand list, except the profits of a certain per 
cent, upon the banks, and some other state immunities. — 
The method of making up the grand list of the slate hav- 
ing been iVequently modified, was repealed at this session, 
and a new one, upon diflerent principles, substituted. — 



24S HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

According to the provisions of this act, each male person 
residing in the state, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, 
shall, on the tirst day of April, be set in the list in the town 
where he resides at ten dollars, excepting students of col- 
leges, and such persons as sickness, bodily or mental in- 
firmity ought, in the opinion of the listers, to be exempt 
from the payment of taxes, and also the polls ot the mili- 
tia equipped shall be exempt, excepting from highway und 
school taxes. For minors equipped ten dollars is to be 
deducted fromthelist of the parent or guardian, and three 
dollars to be deducted for every horse kept for training, 
which shall further be free from all taxes, except for 
highways and schools. Public lands, and those seques- 
tered for public use, shall not be set in the list; but build- 
ings on the above lands and building lots of two acres, 
shall be assessed and set in the list at 4 per cent, on their 
real value. Real estate is to be appraised every five 
years, between the Ist day of May and the 10th day of 
June. Those towns where the list does not exceed 2000 
dollars, which have no representative in the legislature, 
are not liable to be doomed ; but if they neglect to make 
such returns to the legislature, such town or towns may be 
doomed. Towns may make an appraisal of real estate, for 
the purpose of raising highway and school taxes. « 

1828. Mr. Buller, for.merly a member of Congress, 
and one of the executive council of tho state, was elected 
governor for the ensuing year. In his speech to the assem- 
bly, he observed that the legislature of the state had for 
more than twenty years past unilbrmly manifested its dis- 
approbation of raising money by lotteries for any purpose 
whatever. At the last session large sums were offered 
for the privilege of selling tickets and drawing lotteries 
in this state, but every proposition of the kind was reject- 
ed, and it is believed the great body of our citizens are in 
sentiment opposed to raising money by that way. Indeed 
the principles of morality in Vermont must suffer a sad 
decline before this species of gambling will be sanctioned 
by the government or approved by the people. The nu- 
merous sales of lottery tickets made within the last ye?r 
had not been a little surprising to many and especially to 
those who had personal knowledge of all that took place at 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 219 

Ibc last session. If tlie construction lately given to those 
grants anciently made by tiie state, to raise money tVom 
lotteries, were correct, it would be difficult to say wiien 
the business will stop. 

An examintttion was had upon the subject of granting 
lotteries and vending lottery tickets at the present session. 
From the investigation of the subject, it appeared that 
twenty-four lotteries had been granted in the state, from 
I7S3 to ISOI, eight of which were limited as to the time 
of their operation, and sixteen unlimited. In considera- 
tion of the subject, an act prohibiting the vending of lot- 
tery tickets, without a license obtained from the county 
court, was passed after considerable debate, under tlie 
penalty of a heavy fine. Applications had been made at 
the session previous, for liberty to sell lottery tickets in 
the state. A large sum was oflerod for this permission, to 
he appropriated for the benefit of schools; but objections 
v;ere urged against profits arising from lotteries, that they 
are acquired by a species of gambling and ought not to 
be encouraged, however laudably the avails may be ap- 
propriated, as the acquisitions made are demoralizing to 
community, and give constant encouragement to idleness 
and dissipation. But these objections v^ere answered by 
asserting tliat the admission of evils is necessary in the 
economy of nature. Lotteries are granted in other states 
and large sums of money pass from this to their benefit, 
which would be a saving were corporations of this kind 
chartered in Vermont. The evils in this case would be 
mitigated, and the benefits exclusively enjoyed. In addi- 
tion to this, individual happiness is enhanced by the ad- 
mission of such institutions. The human mind is so con- 
stitute;! that the anticpation of events afford as much 
pleasure as the actual possession, or at least the feelings 
are buoyed up under circumstances of wretchedness, want 
and pain, from tlie belief and hope that better fortune \\\\\ 
ensue. The person ^^■ho ventures his chance in the lotte- 
ry lives in a kind of hopeful indulgence, for his prospects 
of realizing a fortune are equally as certain as others. — 
A vote v/as taken on the sulvject, and the admission of the 
privilege was decided against. This eflTectually checked 
the operation of the state lotteries, and the sale of foreign 



250 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

tickets in Vermont. 

The interest of the sciences received the attention of the 
government. A college of natural history was incorpora- 
ted in the University of Vermont, and the Vermont agri- 
cultural society was also established. This institution 
has eminently proved, so far as it went into operation, the 
utility of eocial communion and the advantage arising 
from comparing' opinions and making the results of indi- 
vidual experience a common stock. 

Petitions had for several years been brought before thcr 
legislature for the establishment of banks in various places 
in the state. Seven banking charters had already been 
granted, which had gone into operation, and others were 
demanded, with an increased confidence of success in the 
petitions. The natural effect produced by the fortunate 
result which attended the petitions for banking institu- 
tions has had a tendency to encoHrage others in the 
pursuit, and the difficulty of opposing applications sup- 
ported by arguments that had been urged with much 
skill and efficiency, was not diminished. The commer- 
cial affiiirs of the state did not, hou-ever, require extensive 
banking institutions, and the resources of the farming: in- 
Jerest was but illy calculated to meet the demands and to 
comply with their necessary regidations. But the conse- 
quences which would ensue to the state from the increase 
of a circulating medium that is not the representative of 
real wealth, was not discerned. 

The zeal and untiring etforts of the applicants produced 
an acquiescence among a majority of the members for 
granting their requests. Management then became ne- 
cessary in many instances for uniting upon the places of 
location in some counties where banks were granted. — 
Arguments of this kind were raised in favor of these in- 
corporations, that many of the commercial cities in Eu- 
rope had for a long succession of years been greatly ben- 
efited by them. And further, that the bank of the United 
States, granted in 17S1, had contributed much toward the 
achievement of the American independence. That the 
state of Rhovie-Island, having more than one bank to ev- 
ery town in the state, has raised her reputation and en- 
riched her citizens by this means, and to them is she in a 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 251 

great degree indebted for the unexampled prosperity of her 
manufactures. 

After lengthy and animated debates, most of the peti- 
tions for banking charters were sustained by a consider- 
able mnjority. 

1S27. Under the executive authority of the former gov- 
ernor, a communication was received from the ordin- 
ance department of the United States, respecting the arms 
for the use of Vermont, which was noticed by the govern- 
or. Also a view of the attempt to alter the constitution, 
so as to prevent the re-election of any one to the presiden- 
cy, however just, wise and prosperous his administration 
may have been ; but this proposal w as commented on as 
ominous of evil consequences to the government of the 
Union. 

The subject of a common school education engaged 
much of the attention of the legislature: For investiga- 
ting the principles which afford the best method of in- 
struction and the more easy and adequate way of dis- 
charging the expenses, the legislature employed consid- 
erable time and attention. A general plan was finally a- 
dopted for establishing a uniform method of instruction, 
which was, *' that each organized tovvn in the state shall 
keep and support a school or schools, provided with a 
teacher of good morals, for the instruction of youth in 
orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geog- 
raphy, arithmetic, history of the United States, and good 
behaviour." It was further provided, that each town 
should appoint a committee at their annual meeting, for 
the purpose of superintending all the public schools in 
the town, which are supported at the expense of the pub- 
lic. It is the duty of this board to examine the in- 
structors and visit the corporation — to enquire into the 
regulations and discipline of the scliools, and the habits 
and proficiency of the scholars. They are to make a re- 
port by the third Thursday in October of the number of 
school districts, the length of time that scoools have been 
taught therein, and the whole number of pupils between 
the ages of four and eighteen that have been instructed in 
the course of the year. Teachers are obliged to be ex- 
amined by this board, and receive of them a certificate of 



252 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

their qualifications for teaching, before fhey are entitled 
to pay for tlieir aorvices. 

A board consisting of five commissioners was also ap- 
pointe.-^, whose duty it is to meet annually, and oftener if it 
should be deemed necessary, to make and prepare a list 
of school books, from which they shall advise the superin- 
tending committees to select the books in the common 
schools, to procure information on the subjects connecled 
with the education of youth, and examine into the operation 
find effects produced by the laws of this state for the sup- 
port of conmion schools, and see if any alterations in the 
law are necessary to be made, and make an annual re- 
port to the legislature. This board made their first report 
at the succeeding session of the legislature, which has 
been anticipated on account of the connected view which 
it was desirable to present on the sul)ject. " It cannot be 
necessary (observe the commissioners) to urge upon the 
consideration of the legislature of a free and sovereign 
people, the vital importance of making ample provision 
for the support of common schools. They are the broad 
and deep fountains from which must issue the streams of 
knowledge and virtue, that will ensure strength and dura- 
bility to our political institutions, and give harmony and 
beauty to all the relations of social life. Experience 
attests the truth of the maxim that intelligence and 
morality are essential to liberty. Our constitution and 
all our legislative enactments are but recorded expres- 
sions of the popular will. How necessary is it then 
that the public mind should be enlightened and the tone 
of public morals elevated ! Love of country can only exist 
in its true sense where knowledge is cultivated, where the 
arts and sciences are cherished. It is a source of proud 
satisfaction to the citizens of Vermont, that her legislature 
has, by repeated acts and resolves, treated the education 
of youth as a matter of high public concern, and recog- 
nized the expediency and justice of providing for this im- 
portant object at the public expense." This report con- 
contains sentiments which ought to be registered in the 
memory of every individual in the state. 

A resolution proposing an amendment to the constitu- 
lion of the United States, presented by the state of Geor- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 253 

gin, which provided that the president of the United States 
^should be chosen by tiie iVeemen generally, was taken uj> 
by the legislature, and a resolution passed declaring it in- 
cx|)edicut to amend the constitution of the general govern- 
ment in relation to the mode of election of th.e pre^^idenf. 

132S. Mr. Crafts received a majority of votes over 
tlje opposing candidates for governor, and )iis long ac- 
quaintance with public business rendered his accession to 
tlie dignified ofiice pleasant and easy. "I congratulate 
my fellow citizens upon the prosjjerous condition of our 
country. At a time of peace with the whole world, tiie 
great interests of our nation, adds he, are fostered and 
protected — our population and resources increasing at a 
ratio unprecedented in the history of man.'' The revenue 
of the government is collected in a manner the least bur- 
ihensome to the people, and being so abundant as to de- 
fray the ordinary expenses of the national government 
and contribute largely to the permanent defesice and in- 
ternal irnj3rovement of the country, and rapidly to reduce 
t!)e public debt. Our government bears so lightly on the 
people as to be felt only in the consciousness of the securi- 
ty it gives. " This unexampled prosperity, in connexion 
with the civil and religious liberty enjoyed under our free 
institutions, j)laces within the reach of the citizens of the 
United States greater means for Inippiness tlian ever fell 
to the lot of any other people.'' Such was then and now 
is the condition of the American people that they have 
no occasion to look a!)road for liberty, prosperity and peace. 

The services and sufferings of the revolutionary sol- 
diera was taken uj) by the legislature, and a resolution re- 
quiring that the senators and representatives in Congress 
from this state should be requested to exert tlieir intluenre 
in procuring a pension for those American citizens who 
served in the war of the revolution, w hetlier they did or 
did not ^oed the assistance of their couufry. The former 
method of distribution had occasioned feelings of displeas- 
ure. Those who were aflluent in circumstances among 
the old soldier?* and ofiicers of tiie revolution, considered 
pensions as a reward of merit, rather than an actual con- 
tribution for the support of the needy. Therefore the dis- 
tribution made in the pension list appeared partial and in- 



2i^l HISTORY OF VERMOIST. 

vidiotis. Tho object of the aforesaid resolutions was to 
remove all utifavorable impressions from those whose ser- 
ricea deserved so v/ell of th<Mr country. 

After Mr. Adams' induction into office, a vigilant oppo- 
sition to his administration commenced. The waves of 
disappointed feelings first broke upon the shores of the 
middle states, which spread by degrees until the violence 
of the electioneering campaign became general in its ef- 
fects. In this political ferment, general Jackson was 
selected as the proper person for the presidency, because 
he was inflexible and unsophisticated wiih political chi- 
canery; and, in the language of many, was declared the 
second saviour of this country — the only person who would 
dare to correct the abuses of executive patronage, and 
accomplish, by the weight of his character, more than his 
predecessor could with all his exertions properly direct- 
ed. Since the organization of the government there never 
had been a political controversy of more virulence or of a 
more formidable character than the one upon the subject 
of the last presidential election. The states were separ- 
ated into two grand political parties, one of whom was in 
favor of the administration and re-election of Mr. Adams, 
ftnd the otlier strenously engaged in supporting general 
Jackson's claims to the presidency. Nothing that could 
be etibcted by argument, misstatement or ridicule, was 
unimproved in the irritation and heat of party zeal. Not 
only the public transactions of the candidates, but the oc- 
currences of their private lives, were severely scrutinized 
and censured by those who were in favor of one or the oth- 
er of the candidates, and in like manner prejudiced against 
the other. The qualifications, talents and character of th« 
favorite of each party was extolled and represented as the 
most perfect standard of human excellence. Among such 
a variety of statements and contradictions as the public 
journals of that period spread before the people, it was 
impossible to determine from the evidence contained in 
them what were the merits or faults, talents or inability, 
integrity or corruption, of the two gentlemen respectively 
supported for the presidency of the federal government. — 
The southern, western, and a part of the middle states, 
were in favor of the character and claims of general Jack- 



History of Vermont. ^'j() 

Bon, and succeeded in securing his election hy a very con- 
siderable majority. Such a scene of confusion and irrup- 
tion of friendly sentiments is sincerely to be lamented, 
and every individual friendly to America must det»ire that 
it should never transpire again. Temperate exertions, cal- 
ling forth a suitable degree of emulation, are as necessary 
in politics as in the laborious or professional pursuits in 
lite ; for surely the liberty and independence of the Uni- 
ted States would sink into forgetfulness and ruin were in- 
activity and ignorance to prevail. But the improper pro- 
ceedings of a relentless and persecuting opposition, pro- 
duces anarchy and finally the overthrow of republican lib- 
erty. 

1829. By the votes of the freemen of Vermont, Mr. 
Crafts was again elected to preside over the state. A- 
mong the variety of subjects which came before the house, 
the report of the sheriff and commissioners of jail de- 
livery was submitted to a committee appointed for that 
purpose by the legislature, who stated that the whole 
number of commitments, except in Franklin county, was 
4,091, for four years ending with October 1st, 1829. The 
number discharged during that period was 2,085. 

A communication was laid before the legislature by the 
governor, comprising certain resolutions passed by the 
legislature of vSouth-Carolina, denying the constitutional 
power of Congress to regulate duties on imports for the 
encouragement of domestic industry, in building roads 
and canals in the states, or in any way to patronize the A- 
nierican colonization society ; together with an exposi- 
tion of the injurious effects of the tarifi'upon the prosperi- 
ty of the agricultural states. Also, reports fVom Georgia, 
Virginia and Missouri, adopted by the legislatures of these 
states, upon the same subjects,supporting the constitution- 
al construction maintained by the state of South Carolina. 
These communications, relating to subjects so closely 
connected with the great interests and prosperity of the 
country, and being the deliberate acts of four members 
of the national confederacy, were received as worthy of 
that attention and consideration which is due to the impor- 
tance of the subjects and the high sources from which tliey 
fimauated. 



25o HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

A committee to whom the resolutions were referred, re- 
ported that they were '•'■unable to perceive any constitu- 
tional obstacle to such laws, or conclusive evidence of their 
inexpediency or injurious and oppressive efiects upon the 
soufliern states, or any other particular sectiori olthe coun- 
try.*' The legislature thereupon resolved, tliat they would 
not concur with the resolutions denyin<i to Congress the 
constitutional right to regulate the tarili" and to make ap- 
propriations for iriiernal improvements. 

Th.e tempest of t{«e presidential controversy had scarce- 
ly ceased agitating the public, when a beacon of approach- 
ing danjjer suddenly arose in the western sky, which soon 
encircled the horizon with the angry elements of conten- 
tion. The alleged disclosures of freemasonry, liy one 
William Morgan, of Buflalo, in 182(5; his abduction and 
confmement in a fortress at Niagara, and liis secret disap- 
pearance imn^ediately afterwards, aroused and agitateti 
the feelings of the public in tiie immediate vicinity of the 
transaction, and soon after throughout tiie United States. 
In pursuing enquiries respecting the destiny of Morgan, 
before courts of justice, by committees appointed for that 
purpose, and in the public journals, no authority or pow- 
er eirianating tVom the federal or state governments, wa.s 
discovered or proved to have been employed in takings 
confining and disposing of the alleged ofiend(;r ; but the 
sheriff'of Niagara county was convicted, fined and impris- 
oned for the part he took in ihe transaction. The will and 
%engeance of individuals, acting under the phrenzy of a 
mistaken authority, or under the impression of a high 
crime committed against the fraternity, or otherwise in 
pursuance of the secret mandates of the association to 
which he belonged, and whose principles he professedly 
disclosed, (as has since been legally proved) secured 
and disposed of him in a way tliat seemed to them best. — 
A strong and powerful combination seized and secretly 
conveyed him more than one hundred miles, through a 
very populous part of tlie country, to the place of trreg- 
;cal exit. Soon after the perpetration of tliis act. govern- 
or Clinton issued a proclamation offering ;i liberal reward 
TO any individual who would apprehend either or all of 
tiie actors ia this conspiracy. There was an artful and 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 257 

obstinate resistance in the management of many of the 
witnesses who were called upon by the government to 
testify in trials upon this transaction. 

Many important tacts in the affair were concealed from 
the public, because the witnesses under oath were not at 
liberty, as they asserted, accordini^ to their masonic ob- 
ligations, to testify upon certain points of enquiry. The 
bonds of fellowship between themselves and the lodge, 
were declared paramount to their allegiance and submis- 
sion to the government. Some of the witnesses refusing 
to testify, were fined and imprisoned for disobeying the 
ordinances of the government, which orders were com- 
plied with by the delinquents, rather than to permit an 
exposure of their knowledge to the dishonor of their broth- 
erhood. From the testimony of others, who disclosed 
freely whatever they had cognizance of, 'it appeared lluit 
the offender received the punishment of death. 

In this secret and unlawful manner perished the profes- 
sed revealer of the secrets of masonry. Those implica- 
ted in aiding and assisting in the transaction, were mem- 
bers of the masonic institution. It was therefore alleged 
that the masonic obligations universally bound its mem- 
bers to proceed in a similar manner, under a like violation 
of their rules; and that this act of certain individuals was 
sanctioned by the masonic oaths and obligations. On the 
other hand, it has been maintained by members of the 
institution, that no such regulation ever did exist; that its 
design and end was for the cultivation of friendship, be- 
nevolence, and a species of universal language, which 
would benefit them in any clime or country wherever ma- 
sonry might prevail; that the Morgan outrage was as 
strongly condemned by them as by any portion of the com- 
munity ; that they knew of no regulation in their fraterni- 
ties for civil preference, punishing with death an ofien- - 
ding brother, or secreting any that were guilty of murder 
or other high crimes. These were some of the arguments 
and assertions used in their appeals and addresses, which 
have been made in justification of masonry. 

Evidence, of another and very different character, has 
been further adduced by the opponents of masonry, — 
This was of a positive and direct character, furnished by 

22* 



268 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the renunciations of seceding masons. The Le Roj cotj^- 
ventioti of associated masons renounced masonry, eur- 
rendered their charter?, substantiated the truths of Mor- 
gan's ilhistrations, and declared that the substance of 
jTiasonry was literally before the world. Numerous indi- 
viduals of distinguished rank and elevated character* 
have also added their testimony in confirmation of what 
has been said, that [nasonry was revealed, and more than 
Ihis, that it was a silent conspiracy jigainst the supreme 
power of the land and the common rights of the American 
citizens. Partiality of one member towards another in 
jjublic appointments, and protection given in all cases of 
.danger or crinics, are enumerated as accumulative evi- 
tlence of the treasonable character of the order. The ut- 
terance of such sentiments had a direct tendency to raise 
up formidable p'aities in several of the states : masonic 
and anti-masonic were the badges ot party dii-tinction. — 
Vermont was not the foremost state in the controversy : 
luir numbers in the outset opposed to masonry were very 
fev?, in comparison with the votaries of the order. But 
during its progress, certain influential individuals avowed 
their opposition and exerted mucii influence upon society 
against such institutions. Men of experience and celeb- 
rity in the state have seceded from a membership with the 
fraternity, and declared it both a useless and dangerous 
institution, while they gave their testimony to the truth of 
tl^.e disclosures and revelations made respecting masonry. 
Ti:e rancor of teelings elicited upon the subject soon pas- 
£ed from the bickerings of individuals to political cauvafi- 
singg for civil appointments. 

The first year, however, that it became a political ques- 
tion in the state, there was no nomination of candidates 
for state officers made out, but a kind of compromise tick- 
et from those wlio had never been initiated into the lodge, 
was got up. A convention was holden in August, 1&2^^ 
consisting of those opposed Ic the principles of freemason- 
ry, and resolutions were published expressive of their 
viewa of the influence and character of masonry, and rec- 
ommending certain measures as necessary to be persued 
ia securing its overthrow. Ts^cthing further occurred up- 
on the fcubject, worthy of notice, until the meeting of th« 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 559 

legislature the ensuing fall ; when an appcnl to the people 
wa8 issued from the grand lodge in Vermont, signed by 
11>8 masons. Their language was, if they were to remain 
silent, they should be guilty of inflicting no less an injurj 
upon others than upon themselves, ''for were we quietly to 
submit to the dispensation and dissemination of error, and 
a political party to be built up on it, destructive of the lib- 
erty of the people, when we possess the power to expoee 
the falsity of the representations, we should, to say tbo 
least, display an unwarrantable and reprehensible disre- 
gard lor the safety of the free institutions under which we 
live." They also declared *' themselves guiltless in any 
manner of entertaining the remotest suspicion that the life 
of a fellow being was subject to their control." From 
their remarks, the inference is deducible that it is a scien- 
tific, useful and charitable institution, suited to the wants 
and dignified enjoyments of life. 

Sometime in the month of July,a most destructive storm 
of bail spread over the northern part of Addison county. 
Commencing in the state of New-York, it passed over 
lake Champlain, in a direction from the north-west to tho 
south-east, about half a mile in width ; and so great was 
it3 violence that it destroyed and beat down the grass and 
all kinds of cultivated vegetables. Hail stones of several 
inches in diameter fell and broke most of the glass in the 
buildings opposite to the storm. 

1830. The valley of lake Champlain and the adjacent 
highlands was visited by one of the most severe and re- 
markable calamities of the kind that was ever experien- 
ced in the memory of the oldest inhabitants. A storm of 
rain, commencing in the afternoon of the 24th of July, con- 
tinued with but slight abatements till Tuesday noon, and 
from that time with less violence to Thursday morning. — 
For several days previous, the weather had been remark- 
ably eultryand dry. The wind changed about the earae 
titne the storm commenced from the south to the nortii- 
we«t, and light clouds, attended in some parts with shocks 
of thunder, passed rapidly through the sky. At 6rst, a 
slight sprinkling of rain descended, which continued io- 
croasing until tho water fell in torrents, with scarce an 
kiterraission, till morning; at which time the celiare wer« 



360 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

filled with water, and streams and rivers were swelled to 
the highest extent ©f former t>eshet». It continued rain- 
ing with tmahating violence through Sunday and Mondav. 
The people in the vallies hegan now to look with fearful 
anxiety tor the safety of their lives and possessions, but 
were not apprehensive of the awful calamity which await- 
ed them iu the dark and dreary hours of midnight. A vast 
accumulation of clouds settled upon the mountains, from 
which proceeded every few minutes dreadful shocks of 
thunder and streams of livid lightning. The aqueous ele- 
ment appeared to descend in streams and rushed in cata- 
racts down the sides of the hills and mountains, beariiig 
av/ay in the raging current, rocks, woods, houses, fences, 
bridges and mills, and rolled them along on the majesty 
of the billows. The whole surrounding country to the 
ijeight of fifteen feet above the natural current of the 
streams, presented, in the course of Monday evening, one 
extended sheet of water. All the grain and growing veg- 
itables upon the intervals were beat down nnd destroyed, 
and almost every mill and machine propelled by water on 
the larger streams, together with the fences, bridges and 
several buildings, passed away like a leaf in the violence 
of a whirlwind. Houses and barns and other buildings 
rose upon the water and were soon dashed in pieces. — 
The force of the storm was experienced in Vermont upon 
Onion andNew-Haven rivers and their tributaries, together 
with the whole extent of country intervening between them, 
(rreat damages were sustained upon the banks of Onion 
river, as almost the whole produce of it thereon was swept 
away in the flood. But the most dreadful and melancholy 
instance of destruction occasioned by the rain, happened 
at Beeman's Hollow, in New-Haven. New-Haven river 
had rose to such an unprecedented height, on Monday, 
that the owners of mills and some of their neighbors had 
assembled to consult upon their safety. D^irkness had 
now veiled the earth in obscurity, and the rain continued 
to pour down incessantly : Yet no one had the least sus- 
picion that their lives were endangered, or that the raging 
element would soon convey them to unexperienced scenes 
of eternity. It was near the hour of midnight, and none 
had intelligence that ten or twelve feet of head water was 



lIISTOriY OF VERMONT. 261 

rushing furiously towards tli(Mii and soon to ingiilf theni 
ill its bosom. Tiie river at tho upper part of the settle- 
ment formed a new channel in the road and completely 
isolated tlie place where the mills and hous^es were situat- 
ed. Twenty-otie persons were in and about tliese build- 
ings, surrounded by water. Two of thorn plunged into the 
stream of the new formed channel, and hwam safely to the 
highlands. Some of those remaining attempted to escape 
^pon a raft wliich they had consiructed, but did not suc- 
ceed. The houses and mills in the upper part of the set- 
tlement benan to give way, wlien, suddenly, the whole,ex- 
cept one house, which had just been deserted by several 
persons for a more secure situation, as they supposed, in 
a barn, were precipitated in the abyss below. A vast ac- 
cumulation of tiood-wood from the whole length of the riv- 
er, together with the wreck of buildings and lumber at this 
place, dashed down the rough and rocky channel of the 
river, the water in which was more than twenty feet higher 
than was ever known before. 

Nineteen persons were carried along in this torrent ev- 
ery moment exposed to be dashed upon the rocks or bruis- 
ed between the lloating timber. Five of those precipita- 
ted into the stream escaped the cold embrace of death, 
which their remaining associate's in this calamity expe- 
rienced. These providentially preserved their lives — four 
of them lodging upon rocks and trees about three fourths 
of a mile from where they were preticipated, and the oth- 
er, liCinuel 15. FJdridge, Esq. who was <-arried down a- 
boiit the same distance, but happened to fioat into a corn- 
licld, then tiooded several feet deep with a. rapid stream of 
water. lie there got on to a rise of land, sufficient, by 
standing erect, to kecj) his head but of the water. la 
ih'is perilous and uncomfortable situation, he continued 
from about two o'clock until day-light, when, by the as- 
sistance of the people collected on the banks of the river, 
he, with those lodged on eminences near, were resciied 
at the same time from impending destruction. The bo- 
dies of tliirteen of those who perished were found at vari- 
ous distances from the scene of this dreadful catastrophe. 

Mr. Crafts not having a majority of the votes given in 
for a governor of the state, was elected by the house of 



262 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

representatives, after along and obstinate contest. The' 
citizens of the state had been considerably engaged on the 
subject of election for some time previous to its transpir- 
ing. In the present political controversy three parties 
made their appearance, and presented claims for the elec- 
tion of their candidates, with much earnestness and zeal. 
On canvassing the votes at the opening of the legislature, 
the whole number given for the three candidates was 30,- 
686 ; of these 13,486 were for Craftj^, 10,925 for Palmer^ 
the antimasonic candidate, and 6,235 for Meech, the ad- 
ministration candidate. Governor Crafts was supported 
by the masons, and had a plurality of the votes. Palmer 
had something more than one third of the wliole. The 
choice of a governor therefore going before the legisla- 
tive body, the representatives of the partie«? took an un- 
compromising stand in supporting a candidate of their 
particular party. After thirty-two ballotings, governor 
Crafts was re-elected by a small majority over the other 
two candidates, and, in like manner, Mr. Richards was 
ciiosen lieutenant-governor. The governor's speech to 
the legislature contained sentiments suited to the dignity 
of his station and the circumstances of the people. 

The law for imprisoning poor debtors, originating in a 
foreign country and at a remote period, when the civil and 
political rights of man were imperfectly known and but 
little regarded, he requested the attention of the legisla- 
ture to see if some measure could not be taken to relieve 
this unfortunate class of community. On the subject of 
education, he observed, that the " mode of instruction 
adopted in common schools, and in some degree in those 
of a higher order, is directed more to the improvement of 
the faculties than to form and fix the character of the youth. 
To qualify them to perform the high and responsible duties 
of freemen, they, in addition to the usual course of instruc- 
tion, should be instructed also in the princij)les of our free 
institutions — in the social relations and duties — in a love 
of country, of order, morality and religion, and whatever 
shall tend to establish correct habits and principles.-' — 
The message throughout was a very ser sible and appro- 
priate communication. However, not many of the topics 
presented were acted upon. 



HISTORY OF VERMOx\T. 2G3 

The abolition of imprisonment for debt had for a scries 
of years been attempted, both by the federal and state legis- 
latures. Benevolence, patriotism, and all tlie finer feel- 
ings of the heart have been in favor of a universal eman- 
cipation of poor debtors, confined in jail upon judgements 
obtained on civil contracts. The arguments in iavor of 
such a law, are, that if a person buys a piece of property 
and engages to pay so much money or other specific arti- 
cles, he does not, on failure of payment, engage to divest 
himself of his liberty, or have his body confined in pris- 
on, because, unfortunately, he is not able to perform the 
contract: — That property only should be subject to attacli- 
ment, not the body. It is repugnant to civil liberty, that 
men should be confined in consequence of their owing a 
few dollars, which they have not ability to discharge. 'J'ho 
opposition urged against such mild, or at least alleviating 
mo<i3ures,was, the ready access to fraudulent practices in 
changing property into cash or paper security,and also lea- 
ving the creditor without any redress or method of secu- 
ring the debt where no clue could be had for discovering 
property, without the privilege of examining the debtor 
upon his oath. After considerable debate, an act was 
passed, that on all judgements obtained upon debts made 
after the first day of January, 1931, the debtor may, within 
two hours after the rendition of such judgement before 
a court of justice, submit himself to an examination on 
oath by such court or creditor, or his attorney, touching 
his situation, circumstances or pr(>perty,and may be entitled 
to th'e benefit of the oath, which shall be administered to 
such debtor by said court or justice, and a record made 
tbercot7 and no execution shall be issued thereon. Many 
were in favor of extending the provisions of the bill so as 
to exempt the debtor from arrest in all cases of contract; 
but the majority decided that the provision now made was 
a sufficient relief in the present state of affairs. 

The petition of Norman Cleveland, now under sentence 
of death for the murder of Hannah Rose, praying that his 
punishment might be commuted to a sentence of impris- 
onment in the state penitentiary, was determined, after 
an animated debate, in favor of hia imprisonment for five 
years. This was the first instance of the kind, except 



261 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Bourn's, who was afterwards proved innocent by tlie re- 
turn of Colvin, the supposed dead man, that the j)Ower of 
changing the mode of punishment incident to this brancii 
of the government, was ever exercised. There might be 
a reason why many people were somewhat surprised that 
such a crime as was proved ui this case should only re^' 
ceive the same punishment as his who had passed a 
one dollar counterfeit bill. 

The usual business of the legislature was accomplished 
without a continuation of those party exertions which 
were manifested at the commencement of the session. 

On examining the proceedings of the legislature for a 
long succession of years, there is much anxiety experien- 
ced by the writer; fearing lest he should not fully -<'om^ 
prehend the views or justly represent the conduct of par- 
ties'. The business of stating facts correct, is not difticuU ; 
but judging of those matters which are the most .sui.ta- 
ble for historical narration, is troublesome. On giving 
an account of the legislative asseirdilies of this coun- 
try, the minds of men appear to be intluenced by the sanjQ 
motives and passions in this as in any other quarter of the 
globe. *•• Where their own individual advantage and 
emoluments are cut of view, the men who are clothed with 
authority will be much influenced by considerations of 
justice and equity, by moral and social principlev<" — 
When their own advancement is dependent on the princi- 
ples they embrace, it is always expected that they will be 
m danger of being sv.ayed by their interest, governed by 
their passions, and irritated by opposition. Let the form 
of government be what it may, whenever men seek their 
own wealth and advancement, it is not surprising'to find 
them combined in assisting and supporting each other, 
and in humbling their opposers. *' Their passions rise 
and rule; their reason loses its infiuence and force; 
crime, guilt and shame are divided into equal shares, and 
no man means or ejpects to take a large portion to him- 
self. In legislative assemblies, the representatives do not 
wish to ascertain what v>ill be proper and useful to the 
state, but how much the people can be made to believe 
and bear. The tacts ought to be otherwise : the person 
who is chosen for a legislator should be capable of rising 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 25^5 

above such feelings : he should be qualified for something 
more than legislative traffic of bargain and sale, or of stij>' 
ulafing by the sale of his vote to carry some measure in 
favor of himself or his party, without any regard to public 
expediency. 

The only checks upon the legislative branches of the 
government, are popular sentiments anr] feelings. So long 
then as the people are t'vee, intelligent, active and virtu- 
ous, they will know and understand the princijdes of their 
own government and call to account the conduct of their 
rulers. The destruction or continuance of the American 
government does not therefore depend upon the conduct of 
their representatives, but upon the state and condition of 
society.. 



CHAPTEH XIII. 



Condition of Society. — Diffarent employments of the pco-,^ 
pic. — Agriculture. — Manufactures. — Commerce, — lAl- 
trature. 

Not a century ago Ihe s^ate of Vermont wa« an entire 
wilderness, covered with forest trees, shrubbery and vari^ 
ous species of wild plants. Antiquities of a former civil- 
ized settlement have never been discovered, nor were there 
the least traces of human existence remaining, except oc- 
casional residences of the Indian. The soil had forages 
been eiiricbed with decaying vegetables, and the streams 
had been gradually wearing down the highlands. This 
was the situation of the country when the emigrants began 
to make this state the abode of civilization. Lands were 
very cheap and usually cantoned out in farms from fifty to 
one hundred acres each. The first business of the hus- 
bandman in this new settlement, was to clear the land of 
timber, sow crops, erect necessary buildings and open 
roads, and thus form coramunications between tlie scat- 
tered settlements. A farm of convenient size was purcha- 
sed with the surplus produce of two or three years labor, 
beside furnishing the necessary provisions of living for a 

23 



2m HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

family. When industry was applied to the soil, a great 
profit accrued. The first crop generally paid for the labor 
of raising and increased the value of the land ten times the 
original cost. An acre of land was made in one year of 
such value that it would yield annually ten or fifteen dol- 
lars worth of produce. The profits of labor in anew set- 
tlement are in this way the greatest that can be realized in 
agriculture. Great wages were obtained in the produc- 
tion of a crop and the addition of a tract of cultivated land 
to a farm. 

Whether agrriculture is considered as the means of fur- 
nishing the necessaries or luxuries of life— of providing a 
security against famine and disease, or of engaging the 
fiiind in active enterprise or the pursuits of general knowl- 
edge, it is the most useful and important of all arts which 
has ever employed the attention of mankind. The food and 
raiment of every individual are derived from the land or 
water, but in this state almost entirely from the land. — 
Therefore agriculture supports and maintains all other em- 
ployments, and deserves the greatest encouragement. — 
XVealth obtained by agriculture is permanent and fixed, as 
it is generally vested in real estate and is free from those 
uncertainties attendant upon the business of commerce, 
and independent of the restrictions of other countries. — 
Besides the utility of agricultural pursuits, there are pleas- 
ures, for a contemplative mind, of the highest order. The 
causes for advancement are the same in agriculture as in 
the mechanical or professional pursuits. In the early ages 
of the world ignorance v/as an imposing obstruction to an 
accumulation of agricultural productions, and even oper- 
ated as a barrier to the progress of population. But ne- 
cessity and social intercourse awakened the slumbering 
genius of man and directed his attention to a choice in the 
management of his flocks and the better cultivation of his 
fields. Thus men were led to consider the adaptation of 
labor to the soil a means for obtaining a greater and bet- 
ter production of crops, and introduced methods of im- 
provement highly beneficial to the country. 

All other professions, particularly the liberal arts, are 
of great importance, which man in a civilized state cannot 
do without. Yet they derive their importance from the 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 2U7 

imperfections of human nature, and add nothing of them- 
selves to the wealth of nations. The learned professions, 
the philosopher and the statesman, are engaged in great 
and important husiness ; yet the learned Dr. Franklin said 
that he who makes two blades of grass grow where one did 
before, does more for the benefit of his country than the 
most distinguished statesman. The one adds nothing to 
the wealth, but the other furnishes the whole support of 
human existence. Health may be preserved — property 
accumulated — morals improved — the understanding invig- 
orated, and proper direction given to the mind by the other 
arts; but agriculture furnishes the means and gives sup- 
port to them all. The glory of nations has been more en- 
hanced by this art than by all the discoveries and improve- 
ments in science. Hence the ancient Romans esteemed 
agriculture so honorable an employment, that their most 
distinguished senators applied themselves at intervals of 
leisure to the cultivation of the soil; and such was the 
amiable simplicity of those times, that their greatest war- 
riors and legislators were often called from the active la- 
bors of the field to the highest offices in the state. Regu- 
lup, the celebrated Roman general, when in Africa, re- 
quested of the senate to be recalled, lest his farm might 
suffer from want of proper cultivation in his absence ; and 
the senate wrote to him for answer that the public would 
attend to his business. The Emperor of China goes an- 
annually, on an appointed day, to the field, and there, to 
fehow his sense of the inestimable value of agriculture, he 
personally undertakes the task of holding the plough. A 
high estimation has been given to the subject of agricul- 
ture in many of the kingdoms of Europe. Societies have 
been formed, and the business has been introduced as a 
study in the seminaries of learning. 

The legislature of this state incorporated the Vermont 
agricultural society in 1806; and after that, the county 
societies were chartered. The effect of these societies, so 
far as the counties acted in pursuance of their corporate 
privileges, have very considerably increased the prosperi- 
ty of the state. Better crops, and a more valuable stock 
of cattle and horses, have been raised by the farmers of 
Vermont than was done at any former period ; and much 



266 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

of the soil which was judged incapable of cultivation has 
been brought to a very fertile and productive state. The 
importation of merino sheep into this state from Spain, and 
more recently, of the Saxony breed, has added much to 
the value of our flocks. Wool now grown is worth twen- 
ty cents more a pound than it formerly was, and the quan- 
tity taken from the same number of sheep exceeds very 
considerably what it used to be. Breeds of every kind of 
domestic animals have been very much improved within 
a few years, and great profits have been realized from the 
same. The soil is such, and the seasons are so uncertain, 
for the perfection of crops of grain, that grazing is the 
most sure and profitable branch of agriculture which the 
farmer of Vermont can attend to with success. And from 
this source the principal exportations are derived. It is 
for the pleasure and profitable entertainment of the hus- 
bandman's mind, that the nature of his occupation obliges 
}iim to contemplate a great variety of objects and things. 
The state of tlie soil and climato must be familiar, and 
what tije different parts of his farm will produce. The 
growth and production of vegetables, grain and fruits, 
which can be raised with profit, engages his attention. — 
The constitution, genius and pursuit of animals from 
whiclr the most profit can be derived, and which can be 
raised and governed to the greatest advantage, is under- 
stood by him. The seasons, winds and weatiier, so far ns 
ran be anticipated from the various operations of nature, 
become matters of constant observation. These subjects 
belong to the various sciences of natural history and phi- 
losophy, and are familiar to the experience of the bus-' 
band man. 

The morality of mankind appears to be intimately con- 
nected with those employments which are the most useful 
and necessary. Hence the business of agriculture, which 
furnishes the support of society, appears to be nearer alli- 
ed to virtue than any of the arts. Instances have never 
occurred of a body of farmers becoming debauched and 
corrupt. Their pursuits have a tendency to niake them 
mdustrious, moral, and honest. Political demagogues 
rmd aspirants for office are the persons most familiar with 
the practices of corruption and venality. Vermont, being 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 269 

f^ntlrely an inland state, must acquire the actual, necessa- 
ry and fashionable articles of life from agriculture or man- 
utactures. The products for exportation are principally 
derived from the tbrest, or animal and vegetable cultiva- 
tion, — the two latter of these enter principally into the 
consumption of the people, and probably will in a few 
years furnish but very inconsiderable quantities for expor- 
tation. Horses, cattle and pheep are the only animals that 
can be raised to much profit in this state, and these, from 
the decreasing fertility of a long cultivated soil, and from 
the long duration of cold weather in this section of the 
Union, are frequently raised with but very little advance 
from their actual cost. Wool has, since the operation of 
the tariff upon importations of foreign commodities, yiel- 
ded the greatest profit on a given capital of any agricul- 
tural production; and should the manufacture of wool- 
lens still continue to increase, the business may hereafter 
become more profitable. Wheat, rye, corn, and other 
grain and vegetables were, upon the clearing of the new 
lands, much safer crops, more easy to be raised, and alto- 
gether more productive than they now are, and the wants 
of society were much less then than at present. This 
gave a great and rapid increase to the wealth of the peo- 
ple. Property was then easily accumulated; whereas it 
now takes much severe labor and hazardous enterprize to 
gain a competence, and much more to rise to easy and in- 
dependent circumstances. 

Manufactures. — Cotton goods have for some years 
been extensively manufactured in several towns in this 
state. The aid of water power and machinery has enabled 
the manufacturers of this article to compete with the Eu- 
ropean workshops ; but the fabrication might be exten- 
ded still further, with increasing profit, was the stamping 
of calico introduced. 

Woollen cloths, of which there is a considerable amount 
imported for the consumption of the state, are manufac- 
tured to a great profit, on quite a limited capital. Large 
quantities might be made, particularly for supplying tho 
wants of the southern parts of the United States. Flax suc- 
ceeds well in our soil ; often, four or five hundred pounds 
are raised, which before the use of cottons was manufac- 

23* 



270 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

tured in almost every family. The culture of hemp has 
not, until recently, received much attention, and that on 
a limited scale. In particular destricts of the state at- 
tempts at raising it upon land not properly enriched anJ 
prepared, and the method of getting it out by the aid of 
machinery, have quite checked the cultivation of it. la 
Europe, where henjp is extensively cultivated, the climate 
corresponds with the northern parts of the United States, 
Hence it does not require to be acclimated to a high north- 
ern latitude, to come to perfection. It might be a very 
profitable article for exportation, if it was properly atten- 
ded to. The manufacture of iron has been and will con- 
tinue to be a profitable business. Iron is found in large 
quantities in Swanton, Bristol, Monkton, Brandon, Pitts- 
ford, Tinmouth, Bennington, and other places on the west 
side of the green mountains. The ore is of a rcdish color, 
mi.xed with earth and tinctured with yellow ochre, it is 
very fusible and yields about one fifth part of iron. In 
some places there is a kind of rock ore, called hematite, 
very hard, but of a richer quality than the other. The iron 
obtained from this ore is very soft and excellent for nails. 
Most of the ore which has been used in the manufactura 
of bar iron has been taken from the beds on the west side 
of lake Champlain, at Arnold\s mine, and various other 
places, as it extensively abounds in this ironbound region. 
This ore is granular, of a steel color and almost in a state 
ot pure iron, and when prudently mancged will yield from 
fifty to sixty per cent. It makes excellent iron for such ar- 
ticles as are to be drawn length-way?. 

The county of Essex, and many parts adjoining, abound 
with ore of the purest quality. Manufactories have been 
established, such as furnaces and forges, for the purpoee 
of making iron, in many towns on the western side of the 
mountain. There are blast furnaces at Highgate, Shel- 
don, Vergennes, Brandon, Tinmouth, Pittsford, Claren- 
don, Waliingford, Dorset, Manchester, Bennington and 
Fairfield, and forges in a large number of towns from 
Canada line to Massachusetts. On account of the facili- 
ties and raw materials in Vermont, nature no doubt has 
designed this portion of the Union to be a flourishing'seat 
of iron m^nuf^xturirg. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 271 

At Stratford and Shrewsbury there are extensre beds 
of the sulpburet of iron, from which immense quantities of 
copperas are manufuctiired. A considerable depth of earth 
covers this Btratunri of ore. Ferruginous petrefactiona, 
which exhibit forms of buds, leaves and limbs of trees in 
great perfection, are found below this body, which va- 
ries very considerable in depth. Under this lies the bed 
of snlphuret of iron, in a very compact form, and its color 
varying from that of steel to a bright yellow ore, very 
brilliant, and in many places diversified by small quanti- 
ties of green copperat^. Some parts of the ore are detach- 
ed from the bed by blasting, being then broke in pieces 
and thrown into heaps of different dimensions. In this sit- 
uation exposure to tije action and moisture of the atmos- 
phere occasions spontaneous combustion, and the whole 
pile is converted from a snlphuret to the sulphate of iron, 
which process generally requires several weeks. The snl- 
phuret of iron is a combination of iron and sulpher in their 
primitive state, and the sulphate of iron is a combination 
of iron and a sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol. By being 
exposed to the atmosphere, it takes fire and is converted 
into sulphuric acid ; and this acid, as it is thus formed, 
combines with the iron, and converts it into the sulphate 
of iron, which is copperas. After this process, it is leach- 
ed in vats, and the ley passed off to boilers. Here it is 
boiled to a certain consistence, and is from thence trans- 
ported to chrystalizers, where the copperas continues to 
chrystalize for some time, and when that ceases, it is re- 
turned to the boilers again to be evaporated. About three 
hundred tons are manufactured at each place yearly. Pot 
and pearl ashes are yet made in considerable quantities, 
although mostly of ashes collected from cullinary fires. — 
Since the state has become generally cleared, but fe^y 
ashes are made from the burning of timber in the woods. 
The use of stoves has also diminished them to a much 
smaller amount. 

The manufacture of maple sugar, some years ago, was 
of very great importance to the state. More than one half 
of the (amilies in Vermont were engaged in this business, 
and they manufactured more sugar than was necessary for 
their consumption. This kind of business is not as much 



272 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

attended to now as formerly, except in the towns on the 
mountain, where large groves of maple trees still remain. 
In some towns in the southern parts of the state, a second 
growth of thrifty maples produce large quantities of sac- 
charine juice,which is of a quality far exceeding that pro- 
duced by the first growth. Halifax and Guflford, in Ver- 
mont, and Colerain, in Massachusetts, probably make 
more sugar, in good seasons, than the people require for 
their consumption. Their groves are mostly of the sec- 
ond growth, on lands which have been chopped over or 
cleared. As soon as the weather is sufficiently warm to 
thaw the timber in the spring, an incision is made in the 
treoj either with an auger or axe, into which a spout is in- 
serted, which conveys the juice to a receiver. From 
thence it is taken to a place fitted up for boiling, either in 
tiie lot or at the house. It is there evaporated in a pan of 
copper or sheet iron, set in an arch, to the consistency of 
molasses; then filtered and boiled down to sugar. Two 
or three hundred weight of sugar can be made with a very 
little trouble or expense from one hundred trees. There 
is no better sugar than what is made from the maple, and 
when properly refined has a peculiarly rich, salubrious 
and pleasant taste. The sap runs plentifully while the 
trees are frozen at night and thawed through the day. As 
soon, however, as the buds start the sap ceases to flow. 
The quantity of maple sugar made in this state has been es- 
timated at 6,000,000 pounds; but this probably exceeds 
the real amount. 

Marble of a very superior quality and of various shades 
and colors is found in the towns along the margin of lake 
Champlain, and is manufactured in considerabte quantities 
at Swanton, Middlebury, Pittsford and Vergennes. 

Distilleries for extracting spirituous liquors from grain 
or oils from various species of vegetables, have been put 
in operation in almost every town in the state. These did 
a great amount of business during the late war, in making 
potatoe whiskey ; but they have very much diminished 
within a few years. Other manufactures of various com- 
modities used by the inhabitants of the state, are numer- 
ous, and some of them profitable. 

Commerce. — The commercial business of Vermont has 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 273 

much increased within a few years past. Large quanti- 
ties of goods are imported from New-York, J5o«ton, Port- 
land, and some from Canada, into almost every town and 
section of the state. Various kinds of articles for neces- 
sary or fashionable use or dress, and all manner of gro- 
ceries for accommodation or convenience, and every spe- 
cies of manufacture, whether fanciful or substantial, are 
imported for sale among the people. Live cattle, horses, 
hogs, beef, pork, lumber, pot and pearl ashes, bar and 
pig iron, grain of various kinds, tanned leather, cotton and 
woollen goods, are exported. An exact amount of the 
commerce of an inland state cannot be ascertained, nor 
is it p'ossible to determine what quantity of goods are an- 
nually brought into the state, or to what value the remit- 
tances generally amount. Trade is valuable to a country 
to the amount of whatever in produce or domestic manu- 
factures the people have to spare, after reserving a suffi- 
ciency for their own consumption. But farther than this 
commercial business has a tendency to destroy the credit, 
ruin the funds, and impoverish the circumstances of the 
people. 

New-York is the grand emporium of trade for the valley 
of lake Champlain, and Boston that of Connecticut river. 
Before the imposition of duties upon the trade with the 
Canadas great quantities of produce were annually trans- 
ported there from the northern part-of the state ; but the 
restrictions now almost amount to a prohibition. 

The amount of business has increased exceedingly upon 
lake Champlain, since the opening of the northern canal 
and the sailing by steam upon its wafers. Navigation is 
open from the city of New-York, for boats of a small 
burthen, through the river to lakeChamplain. The amount 
of shipping employed in every kind of transportation on 
the lake is almost incredible. In IS26 the nunTber was 
ascertained to be three hundred and seventy-eight in all 
that sailed the lake. 

The commerce of the state has been very much promo- 
ted within the last thirty years by the establishment of 
turnpike roads. It was a long time before* the legislature 
would make a grant of the kind, being very much preju- 
diced against corporations of this kind. But grants hav© 



274 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

been made from time to time, so that there are now turn= 
pike roads, crossing the green mountains, on Onion riv- 
er; from Middlebury (o Woodstock, from Clarendon 
to Bellows-Fails, from Chester to Manchester, from Ben- 
nington to Brattleborough, from Woodstock to Pittsford, 
and from Montpelier to Norwich ; with various others in 
ditierent parts of the state. These have increased the fa- 
cilities of trade and transportation very considerably.— 
Such is the prevailing spirit of the times for trading in mer- 
chandize, and such immense quantities are obtained from 
the commercial marts, that the business has spread out to 
a very extraordinary extent; so much so as to liazard the 
interest and credit of community. Comm.ercial business 
having more inducements than agriculture or manufac- 
tures : therefore numbers have engaged in it from a choice 
business, rather than from the public demands. 

From the eastern part of the state lumber is conveyed 
to market by means of the Connecticut river, which has 
been rendered navigable for rafts of timber and flat bot- 
tomed boats as far as the fifteen mile falls, at Barnet. — 
A srnall steam boat has been sailed up the river, from 
Hartford, Connecticut, to Windsor, in this state. But its 
power is not sufficient for the purposes of a general con- 
veyance. A company for improving the navigation of 
Connecticut river has been incorporated by an act of the 
Vermont legislature, and also by acts of the other states 
upon its borders; the design of which is to remove ob- 
structions and erect locks around the falls, so that boats 
of heavy burthen can be propelled along the stream, and 
in this way forming a water communication for the con- 
veyance of produce to and from Vermont and the adja- 
cent country. The privileges of their charter remain to 
be improved in suchan)anner and to such an extent as 
thefundf^and enterprize of the association shall be able to 
accomplish. Internal improvements, such as connecting 
the waters of lake Memphremagog by a canal with those 
of Connecticut river and the waters of lake Champlain by 
a canal or railway along Onion river to its head waters, 
and then back to the aforesaid river, have received the at- 
tention of the legislature, and surveys of different routes 
have been made. Corporate powers and privileges have 



HISTORY OF VER^NIONT. 275 

been granted to such as m'ght choose to vest tlreir fundsj 
in this kind of public improvement. The vesting of pub- 
lic funds,or the authorizing of state or United States sub- 
scription, for the purpose of internal improvements, has, 
by those opposed to such measures, been considered a 
transgression to constitutional powers, particularly those 
of the federal constitution. 

The expediency of erecting such works in Vermont de- 
pends on the emolument winch would accrue to individu- 
als and the utility which would arise to the public— 
Should the amount of business done this way atTord a 
profit equal to the interest of the capital, and the appro- 
priations for repairs, then such investments will be ad- 
vantageous. 

Literature. — The general sentiments of the people of 
Vermont have ever been favorable to the diffusion of com- 
mon school education. Early provisions were made for 
the incorporation and maintainance of common schooli^ 
in every town in the state, and afterwards a section of land 
in each chartered township was reserved for the further- 
ance of this object. The fund arising from this source was 
to be applied to the building of school houses and paying 
instructors. This amount, with a small'contribution paid 
by each individual, constituted a sufficient provision for 
educating the youth of the state in the elementary branch- 
es of education, which were to learn to read with ease 
and propriety, to write a plain and legible hand, and be 
made acquainted with arithmetic, so far as was necessa- 
ry for the more common and necessary occupations of 
life. Such a diffusion of information gives a taste for 
reading periodical publications and newspapers, and at 
the same time an acquaintance with the laws of the coun- 
try, the proceedings of the courts of justice, of the gene- 
ral assembly of the stale and of the Congress of the U. S. 
This cultivation of the mind, through the accessible chan- 
nels of common schools, has brought into exercise senti- 
ments of kindness, civility and patriotism. Reading for 
amusement, as well as instruction, has, in a considerable 
measure, superseded the deleterious practice of dissipa- 
ting diversions. The mind has been conducted to the dig- 
nified enjoyment of reason and reflection, and from theso 



276 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

emanations has obtained pleasures agreeable to the fancy 
and instructing to the understanding. Education of this 
kind is of more benefit to mankind than all the knowledge 
and disputes that metaphysical logic and scholastic theol- 
ogy have ever produced. For virtue, liberty and public 
happiness have their foundations in common sense. In 
whatever light we view education, it presents itself as the 
most important subject that can engage the attention of 
mankind. Iftlie ignorance and rudeness of the savage be 
contrasted with the knowledge and refinements of civili^ 
zed life, the difference between them is so great that they 
can scarcely be considered of the species; but compare 
the infant of the savage with that of the philosopher, and 
the same high powers of mind txre hidden in both : in 
each the organs adapted to their intellectual capacities 
are exactly similar. The only difference which is atler- 
wards to distinguish them depends upon the difference of 
their education. The mind of the savage, left neglected, 
will scarcely raise him above the brute ; while a member of 
civilized society, whose capacities are unfolded by a proper 
education, will comprehend in the range of iiis intelligence 
the universe of iiod. All the beauties of creation areopen 
before him; the sacred stores of nature are unlocked, 
her secret laws revealed, and all the attainments of 
men are made subservient to his advancement and delight. 
Such is its importance to mental improvement, and con- 
sequently to the happiness of man ; but it is not his mental 
advancement alone that increases the sphere of his enjov- 
ments : it unfolds sources of more exquisite delight in tl;(^ 
moral and religious tendencies of his nature. Thesava«rc, 
like the beast, acts under the guidance of instinct or from 
the impulse of appetite or passion : he acknowledges no 
law but his own will ; his enjoyments are as gloomy as 
they are contracted, seeking gratification only from the 
fiercenes s of his passions ; his devotion is a feeling of terr 
ror, and the fabric of his superstition is raised by his vices. 
Education raises man above the debasjing control of sense, 
and teaches him to follow reason as the guide of hit ac- 
tions ; it convinces him how much individual hap|)ine^sJ 
is promoted by submission to government, and cxpanr's 
his eelfitsUness into patriotism ; and it is this also, which 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 277 

gives constancy to his virtues amidst every trial and ad- 
versity of life, and security to his mind amidst all its evils. 
However, these happy effects do not always How from a 
well conducted education; vices may prevail in the most 
tenlightened communities. The system of education may 
be counteracted hy unfavorahle circumstances ; but the 
failure is not ciiargeable to education. 

Sufficient patronage cannot be afforded among a farm- 
ing community like V^ermont U> induce writers of ability 
and high attainments in the arts and sciences, to devote in 
a very great <Iegrce their time and talents to such pursuitvS 
here. Talents of a high order seek a more favored clime 
to unfold the resources of mental energy. Large cities, 
where wealth, taste and talents are assembled, furnish 
motives of sulficient inducement to call the learned and 
distinguished to a residence within their limit^s. xMen of 
professional business have risen to great eminence and 
distinction in the service and practice of their callings. — 
But active employments leave little time to spend in the 
researches of science, as few vi'ould spend the intervals of 
leisure or exchange the pleasures of soctal intercourse for 
the retirement of the student's closet. Several depart- 
ments of literature and science have,not\vithstanding,been 
enriched by the explanations and the researches of distin- 
guished individuals. 

In history, doctor Willihimfi has given a general narrative 
of the proceedings and character of the first settlers of this 
state. Many parts, treating upon the natural history, civil 
institutions and freedom of America, discover considera- 
tile philosophic acu«ien and labored investigation. The 
change of climate, on clearing up a new country, he as- 
<:ribes to the decrease of evaporation, occasioned by the 
destruction of forest timber, which emitted vast quantities 
of aqueous fluid that fell in the winter season, in the form 
of snow, and in the summer descended in rain. The foun- 
dations of American freedom he ascribes to popular sen- 
timent. His estimate of the pursuits of a people in the 
formation of national character, is clearly deducible from 
the constitution of human nature itself The style of the 
work is diffuse, and some topics of description are unreas- 
onably long for the history of a separate state. The col- 



!^7S HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

lection of state papers, by William Slade, is a valuable 
repository of ancient records, exhibited in proper order of 
time. The first grants and settlement of the state — the 
commencement of those legislative regulations which then 
constituted the positive law, embraced in a body of repeal- 
ed and obsolete acts, have been judiciously commented 
on by the author. Thompson'sGazetteer is an interesting 
and useful work, comprising a well arranged and perspic- 
uous view of the natural and political resources of the 
state. The style and descriptions, so far as the author 
laid claims to originality, and in some of the articles fur-f 
uished by others, are perspicuous and well suited to the 
subject. Several smaller treatises, embracing only gen^ 
eral events or placing the accounts in detail sufficiently 
brief and comprehensive for the understanding and grasp 
of the juvenile mind, have by different authors been givea 
to the public. 

On the subject of law, few of those who have acquired 
a distinguished eminence for their legal attainments and 
talents, have contributed any addition to the legal publi- 
cations of the stale, Judge Chipman's reports and forms 
of government claim a respectful notice, on account of the 
general correctness of his decisions and the logical me- 
thod of his reasoning, The influence of party feelings. 
gaviB no direction to the cool deliberation of his judge- 
ment, The decision of his mind was formed from the 
weight of testimony and a rational construction of the 
law. His opinions, except upon local and temporary mat- 
ters, are now regarded as law. 

Contracts, payable in specific articles, have been inves- 
tigated by Daniel Chipman, in a work on that subject— 
His constructions of the law are supported by numerous 
authorities strictly analagous to the points. The clearness 
and knowledge of the writer claim for the performance a 
weight of authority not inferior to the best American and 
European productions. His reports of cases decided in 
tke supreme court of the state, contained in one hundred 
and thirty-four numbers, afford evidence of much research 
and discrimination in selection. Other cases adjudged by 
the supreme court for four years ending with 1819, have 
beea reported from tlie notes taken by the judges, und&r 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 279 

&n alphabetical arrangement, like some of the ancient re* 
ports of the British courts, by judge Brayton. 

What the law was, in litigated matters in this state, at 
the commencement of the nineteenth century, was pro- 
mulgated by judge Tyler, At this time, trials by jury 
were had before the supreme court, and many of the de- 
cisions were rendered upon a verdict. Several of the ca- 
ses have since been over-ruled. An attempt at rhetorical 
embellishments and a wearisome diffuseness of style, 
characterizo this performance. This work was publish- 
ed in 1309, at a time when any one who ventured upon 
such an undertaking had to meet the whole expense out 
of his own funds, v^nd endure the criticism of th-e public. 

Two volumes of law reports were published by judge 
Aiken, the state reporter, in 1827 and '8 : also a book 
of forms, containing some very general and useful matter 
on the subject of conveyancing of real estate in the seve- 
ral states in the Union. Legal precedents and forms were 
previously published by Messrs. Simmons and Fessenden, 
together with the law of patents, by the latter gentleman, 
which embrace most of the instruments and forms,with somo 
of tlie most common pleading used in courts of justice in 
this state. The supreme court, now legally constituted 
a board for reporting their own decisions, published two 
volumes of cases for 1829 and '30, in a style not inferior 
to the best productions of the other states. The opinions 
of the courts are rendered in clear and perspicuous terms, 
discovering a variety and extent of legal erudition and a 
consistency of reasoning easily to be understood and ap- 
plied to analagous cases. 

Matters of litigation are very ml5ch lessened in this 
state. No part of the maratime law is adopted in admin- 
istering justice or in securing the rights to the citizens of 
this inland district of country. The alleviating provis- 
ions of a general bankrupt law has never been adopted to 
facilitate the progress of commercial enterprize. And tbe 
law relating to real estates has been stripped of those fic- 
tions connected with this branch of jurisprudence in Eng- 
land and some of the American states. 

Theology has had some able writers. Doctor Burton's 
woik upon the evidences of Christianity, is replete with 



280 HISTORY OF VERMOxNT. 

sound reasoning and extensive learning. Tiie Christian 
Instructor, containing a summary explanation and de- 
fence of the doctrines and duties of the Christian religion, 
written by reverend Josiah Hopkins, a man of strong 
mind and considerable learning, is deservedly popular for 
liberality of sentiment, candor of expression, and force of 
argument. Other works upon metaphysical divinity, or 
discussions upon the doctrine of election and fore-ordina- 
tion, as connected with the freedom of the will, have been 
advocated in the publications of Osburn, Baylies, Niles 
and others. The Christian Gazetteer, by reverend W. 
Chapin, is a work of considerable merit. The discours- 
es of doctor Swift and Haynes discover much thought 
and purity of sentiment. Those which have been publish- 
ed by other gentlemen of the clerical profession, are des- 
criptive of the duties and high resposibility of the Chris- 
tian character and the happy prospect of the humble and 
devout. 

Medical science in Vermont has been well supported in 
the writings of doctor Gallup. His history of epidemic 
diseases in the state, from its first settlement to 1815, with 
the causes of their origin and treatment, is full of interest 
to the practitioner, and gives a full developemeat of such 
matters as are useful to the historian, philanthropist and the 
citizen. That enemy to hum^in health and life, the con- 
sumption, which in its inroads upon society has proved 
the most fatal of all diseases, has been examined in a man- 
ner that may lead to an arrest of its progress. 

Many individuals in the state have distinguished them- 
selves in the different departments of the liealing art. — 
Of the various pulTlications that have issued from the 
press, in the form of newspapers or magazines, many arti- 
cles in them are written with argument, eloquence and taste, 
as the most approved classics of the age are. Some of 
the speeches in courts of justice, in the councils of the 
state and nation, and on occasions of public rejoicing, 
are replete with energy, persuasion and eloquence. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 281 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Character of the people. — Poor Laws. — Various Socie- 
ties for the promotion of the public welfare. — Ameri- 
can government. — Constitution and Laws of Vermont. 
— Counties. — Towns. — Courts^ and their jurisdiction- 
al powers. — Revenue and expenses of the government. 

The first settlers of Vermont were emigrants from New- 
England, and for the most part of an English origin. At 
the time of their settlement the territory now embraced in 
the jurisdiction of Vermont was an unbroken wilderness 
and exposed to the cruelties of Indian depredations and 
warfare. Hence none but the spirited and enterprising 
would place theraseJves in a situation to encounter these 
evils; and those who did had most of their time occupied 
in providing a subsistence for their families, which afforded 
them but little opportunity for the cultivation of their minds 
or the improvement of their manners. The character of 
the people, therefore, like the roughness of their native 
mountains, was bold and unyielding. Acquiring by their 
own exertions an ascendency over the perplexing difficul- 
ties that beset them, high notions of liberty and indepen- 
dence were entertained, and great confidence placed in 
their abilities. Such traits of character were fully exhibi- 
ted in the several controversies which for a series of years 
unhappily involved them, and always marked their pro- 
ceedings in the council or the field. Many of the first set- 
tlers were men of superior talents, but like the diamond in 
its native quarry, were unpolished. Being deprived of 
the advantages of learning themselves, they made early 
provision for bestowing the invaluable inheritance of a 
good education upon their posterity. 

The inhabitants of a new state, trusting entirely to their 
own industry, and having nothing to expect from specula- 
tions or from the errors of government, directed their 
views and employments to the best methods of acquiring 
a subsistence and estate. Hence enterprize and activity 
in business became almost universal. They applied their 
attention, with the exception of a few instances of mana- 
gers, gamblers and beggars, to honest and laborious pur- 

24* 



282 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

suits. To them no hardships seemed too difficult to be 
overcome. A few years perseverance generally removed 
tlie obstacles -that first lay in their way. 

Providence has annexed great and immediate blessings 
to the most essentia! and necessary duties of man. Th« 
great exertions and hard farewhich people in new coun- 
tries often experience, gcnnrally tend to better health and 
greater longevity than the sumptuous living and idle habits 
of the wealthy. Temperance and labor do more towards 
preserving health than art or medicine can do. Disorder® 
which wear away the inhabitants of wealthy cities, are al- 
most unknown in the woods; but few deaths take place, 
except those produced by the unavoidable decays of na- 
ture, and the deaths to the births are generally in no high- 
er proportion than 1 to about 5. 

Among the first settlers the names of diseases or their 
remedies were almost unknown; nor did they stand in 
need of the discoveries and prescriptions of physicians, 
so long as the author of nature had ordained that health 
should be found in temperance and industry, which never 
can in medicine or the healing art. 

An equality in rank and property has generally condu^- 
ced among the citizens of Vermont to tlie cultivation of 
friendship and hospitality. Charitable among themselvep, 
they arc hospitable and courteous to strangers. Their 
exertions in the fvlendly and social intercourse of life 
were formerly more the result of spontaneous and uncalcu- 
lating atiection and kindness, than at present. The situ- 
ation of the inhabitants in a new country places them near- 
est to a state of equality than can possibly happen a mon^ 
mankind. Their situation, feelings and manners will bs 
nearly similar, for the method of obtaining a living and 
wealth are alike to all ; but tliis is noticing more liian an 
equality of rio;hts and a similarity oT business and circum- 
stances. In the social condition of mankind nothing can 
produce an equality of capacity, power or advantages. — 
Thip is effectually prevented by their capacities being cre- 
ated unequal. There is in the state of human existence 
points of elevation and depression, above and below which 
none can ever rise or fall : somewhere between these ex- 
tremes e\ery grade,rank and species of people Uappen. In 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 283 

the symmetry oftheir bodies and in their original desires, 
passions and reason there is a similitude ; but it is only a 
similarity, not an equality, which nature has produced. — 
A difference in their capacity for judging, genius for in- 
vestigating, force of reason and discernment, and also a 
disparity of strength and health has been wisely implanted 
in the constitution, which was evidently designed for dit- 
ferent attainments and pursuits. The condition of man- 
kind, as nature formed and endowed them, tends to the 
promotion of society. But great changes are perceivable 
in the habits and customs of the people, as they advance 
from a new settlement to numbers, wealth and improve- 
ments. In the formation of a residence in a new country, 
the people are at all times exposed to wants and difficul- 
ties, which lead them to assist one another ; but this 
could not be expected in an old populous country. As the 
numbers of society increase, the inability of many to fur- 
nish themselves with a support, increases also : therefore 
it becomes necessary either by private or public assistance 
to supply their wants. The government of the state have, 
in consequence of this, provided the means of subsistencG 
for those who are unable to support themselves. By this 
method the expense is equalized throughout the communi- 
ty. Whereas if individual munificence and charity was 
the only source from which the sufferings of the poor were 
relieved, a few only would share the burthen. 

Poor Laws. — Each incorporated town is compelled by 
statute to support all the poor who have a legal settlement 
within their jurisdiction. A lawful settlement is acquired, 
according to the statute passed in 1817, by the following 
way. A married woman has always the settlement of her 
husband. Legitimate children have always the settlement 
of their parents. Illegitimate children have that of their 
mothers. Every child, whose parents have not a legal 
settlement, shall not gain one by birth in the town where 
they are born. Every pevson whose rateable estate, be- 
sides his poll, shall be set in the list at |60 or upwards for 
five years in succession, gains a settlement in such town. 
Every person who is sworn into the office two years of a 
town clerk, selectman, overseer of the poor,treasurer of the 
town, lister, constable or grand juror, or shall be swora 



Si84 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

to the faithful discharge of one of these offices one year 
and another the next, gains a legal settlement thereby. — 
A settlement may also be obtained by vote of the town le- 
gally warned for that purpose. Any person of full age, 
with a residence of one year in a town, which afterwards 
is organized, shall thereby gain a settlement ; and finally, 
if any person, having a settlement in any town in the state, 
shall remove to and reside in any other town for the term 
of seven years, and shall maintain himself or herself and 
family, and not be chargeable to either of said towns,shall 
be adjudged to gain a settlement in the town in which he 
or she may reside. The way paupers are to be transport- 
ed and the board before whom they are to be examined, 
together with other regulations relating to the subject,are 
determined by the provisions of the law. And further, 
those persons who are idle, disorderly and squander away 
their property, the selectmen and civil authority may ap ■ 
point guardians over to take the management of their prop- 
erty, and make such contracts as are necessary for the 
preservation and benefit of the person or estate of their 
wards, and do all other acts necessary in the case. The 
poor laws have a tendency to increase the applicants for 
charity. England expends an enormous revenue upon 
her many impoverished subjects, who are constantly in- 
creasing. When a living can be obtained without efforts, 
no matter if it be in a poor house, increasing numbers will 
neglect the means of acquiring a living, on account of the 
certainty of their being supported at the public expense. 

Societies. — Humanity, religion, science and benevo- 
lence have been encouraged in this state by the associated 
exertions of individuals. Much has been accomplished 
by their agency, and the pleasing prospect continues of a 
more successful and extended operation. The neglected 
descendants of Ethiopia's sultry clime have received the 
prospective encouragement, and in some instances the 
free sona of color have actually participated in the privi- 
lege of returning to that country where color is no imped- 
iment to their civil and political rights, where they are the 
proprietors of the government and the general privileges 
of mankind. The society for colonizing the free blacks 
has held ten annual meetings since the date of their incor- 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 235 

poration, at Montpelier, on the second Thursdays of Oc- 
tober. 

That invaluable treasure, the bible, originating in the 
merciful counciU of Heaven, has been distributed to the 
destitute and poor in this and other lands by the aid of 
the Vermont bible society, which meets yearly, since 
the date of its charter, in 1812, on tlie second Thursday 
of October, at Montpclier. The united exertions of this 
country, Great- Britain and the continent of Europe have 
lit up the torch of revelation in the shadowed regions of 
infidelity and barbarism. 

TheVermont Sabbath School union was formed in 1325, 
and meets in different places in the state, in September. — 
The object of this is the instruction of youth in litera- 
ture and upon moral and religious subjects, on the Sab- 
bath, throughout the different town? in the state. 

The cau.s2 of temperance has received that attention, 
both from the formation of societies and the examples of 
abstinence among numerous citizens in the state, whicli 
its moralizing and useful purposes deserve. The exer- 
tions made to check intemperance has probably within 
the Sj)ace of one year lessened the consumption of ardent 
spirits to one half of the former quantity; and should the 
disuse of it be continued in the same ratio a few years on- 
ly would be requisite to confine its use to that of medicine. 
The state society was organized in 1329, being compris- 
ed of gentlemen of the first distinction in Vermont 

By an act of the legislature, the Vermont Medical soci- 
ety was incorporated in 1313, to regulate a uniform mode 
of examination and admission of students to practice. — 
Subordinate to this society are those of the same kind for- 
med in the several counties through the state.. 

Various other societies, of a more local interest, for 
moral, religious or. social improvement, are formed in 
most places in the state. Small libraries have been fur- 
nished in most of the towns. These are among the best 
means of improvement that can possibly be employed. — 
A well selected library should be kept up by such a num- 
ber of individuals as can support the expense. It is by 
reading books that we avail ourselves of the literary in- 
dustry of every age and country, — we find an epitome of 



ZSQ HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

human knowledge in this repository of intellectual wealth. 
Here the historian informs, the poet delights, the philoRo- 
pher instructs, and the orator convinces Us. Here, the 
worlds with its customs, is displayed in miniature, and 
we find an abstract of all the opinions that have ever been 
promulgated. Much depends upon our judgement in tho 
choice of books; on subjects that are in a state of improve- 
ment, such as natural philosophy, chemistry, geography, 
and natural history, the latest writers should be preferred; 
but in theology the more ancient. 

An act appropriating 3000 dollars a year out of the 
3t;ite treasury lor the purpose of assisting those deaf and 
dumb persons in the state who are desirous of obtaining 
an education at the American asylum, established for that 
purpose in the city of Hartford, was passed in 1825. A 
board of three commissioners are annually appointed by 
the legislature, who have power to designate and appro- 
bate the subjects of the state's bounty — to draw orders oq 
the treasury, pursuant to the provision of the act — to su- 
perintend and direct all the expenditures and concerns 
relating to this unfortunate class of citizens, in tlieir edu- 
cation, at the institution aforesaid. • 

American govcrnmevt. — The principle upon which the 
^governments of the United States are founded, is repre- 
sentation. Tiie powers exercised by a representation are 
granted by the people, and defined by written const'tu- 
tions. 

Tho difliculties which occurred in the ancient democra- 
cies, where the whole body of the people assembled to 
judge and decide upon public affairs, never happens to 
the representative government of America. However 
numerous the population, or great the extent of territory, 
representation is proportioned to it, and thus becomes ex- 
pressive of public opinion throughout the Union. 

The form of government may vary in different states 
by entrusting more or less to the governor and council or 
house of representatives, as the situation of any separate 
Btate may require. Each of these branches, deriving their 
power from the people, are accountable to them for the 
use and exercise they make of it. The security of the 
people is therefore derived from the accountability and 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 387 

dependence of each part of the government, and not from 
the application of checks and balances among tlie differ- 
ent parts of the government, which may be of no disadvan^ 
tage in the administration of the Hws, 

The method of a representative government was unt- 
known to the ancients, and was introduced by the Euro-^ 
pean sovereigns, not with the design, however, of favor- 
ing the condition of the people, but for the purpose of 
collecting money from them, whioli was very cautiously 
done wherever the rights and privileges of the people were 
examined or understood. However complete the form of 
a government may be, it cannot arrive at the highest per- 
fection without embracing in itself the means of its own 
improvement,' Where a'society is constantly making im? 
provements in tlie arts and sciences, and almost every 
business of life, the form of government which suited theoi 
in one period will not apply to another ; and unless th? 
government progresses with the gradual improvements of 
the people, it will be wanting in power and become disre- 
spectable to the country. But where the people are the 
property of the sovereign, every attempt at improvement 
is destructive to legalized tyranny and prevented by every 
possible means from going into execution. 

The foundation of the United States government rests 
entirely upon the common understanding of community, 
and expects its support and continuance in the progressive 
improvement of the knowledge and liberty of mankind.r— 
This government is not considered the most perfect stan- 
dard which can be devised, but the best form that the 
community of the states have as yet discovered. That 
the form of our government should not be binding upon 
posterity, one of its constituent and principal parts is that 
conventions shall be called at certain periods of time, to 
change, amend or improve the present constitution of the 
government, as the situation of^ society shall require. 

Any attempt to check the progress and improvement 
of government would be as unworthy and impolitic as an 
attempt to fetter the energies of community in the progress 
to scientific, literary and other improvements. 

Constitution of Vermont. — The constitution of Ver- 
mont is of a republican form, and cnibraces the same 



288 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

principles as the other governments of the states. This 
instrument was revised in 1780, and in 1792 vesting the 
supreme legishitive power in the house of representatives 
of the freemen. Every organized town has a right to 
choose one represeutative on tiie first Tuesday of Septem- 
ber. These are chosen to meet on the second Thursday 
of October annually, and are called tlie General Assem- 
bly of the state of Vermont. They have power to elect 
their own officers ; sSt on their own adjournments ; pre- 
pare bills and enact them into laws ; judge of the elec- 
tions and qualifications of their own members, but not for 
causes known to their constituents antecedent to their 
election; impeach state criminals; grant charters of 
incorporation ; constitute towns, burroughs, cities and 
counties. In conjunction witli the council^ tliey annually 
■elect judges of the supreme, county and probate courts, 
sheriffs and justices of the peace, and also, with the con- 
currence of the council, they elect major and brigadier 
generals, and have all the power necesary for the leirisla- 
ture of a free and sovereign state. But they have no pow- 
er to add to, alter, abolish or infringe upon any part of 
the constitution. 

The supreme executive power is vested in a governor, 
lieutenant-governor, and twelve councillors, chosen by the 
freemen of the state, at the same time they elect their re- 
presentatives.* 

The governor or the lieutenant-governor and council 
are to commiss ion all officers, and prepare such business 

*NoTE. — I intended to have inserted the names, times of elec- 
tion, and length of service of the governors, lieutenant-govern- 
ors, treasurers, secretaries of state, judges of the supreme court, 
and senators and representatives in Congress from this state ; but 
finding the matter would occupy several pages, and that the 
same was now before the public, in the annual register of the 
state, I therefore relinquished the plan of their insertion. Dur- 
ing fifty-two years since the adoption of the present form of tiie 
state government, there has been an election of ten different in- 
dividuals for governor: four of these are dead, and the longest 
term of service was that of Thomas Chittenden, a period of eight- 
een years. Twelve individuals have presided as lieutenant-gov. 
ernors, eight of whom are dead, and the longest term of service 
of any one was that of Paul Brigham, twenty-two years. The 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 380 

as may appear to them necessary to lay before the General 
Assembly. They are to sit as judges to hear and deter- 
njine on impeachments, taking to their assistance for ad- 
vice only the judges of the supreme court They have 
power to grant pardons and remit fines, and in all cases, 
except treason and murder, in wjiich tiiey have power to 
grant reprieves, but not pardon, until after the end of the 
nextsession of the legislature; and in cases of impeach- 
ment, in which there is no mitigation of punishment, but 
by an act of legislation. They are to take care that the 
laws are faithfully executed— may lay embargoes or pro- 
hibit exportation of any commodity, for any time not ex- 
ceeding thirty days, in the recess of the housconly. The 
governor is captain general and commander-in-chief of 
the forces of the state ; but shall no« command in person, 
except advised thereto by the council, and th«n only so 
long as they approve. The lieutenant-governor is lieuten- 
ant-general of ail the forces Ml the state. To ihe end that 
the laws may be more maturely considered and the incon- 
venience of hasty decisions as much as possible prevent- 
ed, all bills which originate in the assembly are laid before 
the governor and council, for their revision and concur- 
rence, or proposals of amendment (if any) in writing, 
and if the same are not agreed to by the assembly, the 
governor and council have the power of suspending the 
secretary of stat3''s office has been bestowed on nine individuals, 
and the longest term of service was that of Roswell Hopkins, 
thirteen years. In fifty-two elections forty-eight different indi- 
viduals have been made judges of the supreme court: the longest 
period of any one presiding was that of Royal Ty^^'"? twelve 
years: twenty-eight ot these are dead. Twelve persons have 
I>©en senators to the Congress of the CTnite.l States, and fjuxof 
them have deceased: Stephen R. Bradley served fifteen years in 
this capacity, the longest of any member chosen in this state. — 
Forty-six different persons have represented this state in Con- 
gress: the longest term of service was that of Martin Chitten- 
den, ten years, and thirteen or more of them are drceased. — 
Benjamin Swan has been the greatest length of time in otlice of 
anyone: his appointment of treasurer oi' the state has been con- 
tinued for thirty years. The next is Isaac Tichenor, who was 
seven years senator in Congress, eleven governor, and five one 
of the judges of the supreme court: in the whole twcnty-thre^ 
years. 25 



290 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

pasaage of such bills until the next legislature ; but no 
negative is allowed to the governor and council. 

The constitution provides that a council of censors, 
consisting of thirteen persons, to be chosen by the people 
ever/ seventh year, on the last Wednesday of March, 
shall meet on the first Wednesday of June. The business 
of their delegation is to enquire whether the constitution, 
has been preserved inviolate ; whether the legislative and 
executive branches of the government have performed 
their duty, or assumed to themselves or exercised other 
or greater powers than they are entitled to by the constitu- 
tion; whether the public taxes have been justly laid and 
collected, and whether the laws have been duly executed. 
They have power to send for persons, papers and records; 
to pass public censures; to order impeachments, and 
recommend the repeal of such laws as they may deem 
contrary to the principles of the constitution. These pow- 
ers may be exercised for the space of one year from the 
lime of their election, and they may call a convention to 
meet within two years after their sitting, should they deem 
it necessary. 

The constitution of Vermont differs in one respect from 
that of any other state in the Union, having but one branch 
of power in the legislature. The whole power of legisl-»u 
tion is placed in the house of representatives. The mo* 
thod of transacting public business, on the first establish- 
ment of civil authority in the statu, was by committees 
and town meetings. Whatever was therefore ordered by 
theso bodies became the supreme law of the land, subject 
Jo the control or revision of no other power. The first 
assumption of legislation was exercised in their meetings 
and councils of safety. In the advancing state of socie- 
ty there is no other way than to have the government and 
society progressive, that both may admit of improvements 
which are gradually made in human affairs. The advan- 
tages anticipated from the council of censors has never 
beon realized in their proceedings. The plan does not seeiir 
adequate to the object. Of all the propositions brought 
forward by the council but one amendment of the consti- 
tution has been adopted for the four last septeniries, which 
ifi, that no person who la not already a freemaa of thi* 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 291 

state shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of a free- 
man of this state, unless he be a natural born citizen of 
this or some one of the United States, or until he shall be 
naturalized agreeably to the laws of Congress. 

Laws. — The first code of written laws in this state was 
very imperfect, and required changing as the rights, 
wealth, commerce and population of this territory increas- 
ed. The most judicious laws are not to be expected in 
the imperfect commencement of political associations, 
unaccustomed to the certainty of settled regulations. The 
influence of sudden and momentary rules depending upon 
public sentiment, the exasperated and insubordinate feel- 
ings of community, had a very counteracting influence on 
the passage of the early laws of the state. The irregular 
ideas were also entertained of applying scripture declara- 
tions as rules of positive law for determining the bounda- 
ries of right and wrong in matters of civil subjection, pub- 
lic and private injuries, and moral obligations. The ten 
commandments, Connecticut statutes, and the resolutions 
of the leaders, were the principal laws, until the session 
of the legislature, in 1778. The compilation of laws, 
adopted soon after the institution of a stat?^ government, 
in the period above mentioned, are the commencement 
of that superstructure of statutory laws now in force in 
Vermont The history of legislation in this state^ shows 
that successive enactments have swept almost every early 
regulation from the statute book. Icnprovements in soci- 
ety have so increased topics of legislation that the regula- 
tions of the first settlers are but a point in comparison with 
the fullness of their present condition. The wants of so- 
ciety increase as numbers multiply. Hence subjects of 
legislative concern become numerous, — prohibitions of 
crimes; chartered incorporations of literary, banking, in- 
surance, commercial, road and manufacturing companies, 
and all matters relating to the jurisdiction of ditierent courts 
of justice, the power and liabilities of ministerial ofiicers 
and the regulation o^ ecclesiastical bodies; and finally, 
the whole unlimited diversity of legislative business, suc- 
ceeded. There is nothing, however, among the peculi- 
arities of the early laws of Vermont evincive of that fierce, 
uncultivated spirit, inter-national prohibitions, barbarouf 



t3^ HISTORY OF VERMONlT. 

expedients and summary vengeance which the Roman« 
first adopted as the laws of their empire. Certain offen- 
ces against public morality were, according to the legal 
Yersion of tiiat period, peculiarly puni&hed. Those who 
withdrew from meeting on Sunday, fast or thanksgiving, 
or went out into the streets on Saturday evening, wero 
liable to he fined throe pounds and sit in the stocks two 
hours. Whoever was bereaved or disabled in the use of 
their reason, and discovered it either in their gestures, 
speech or behaviour, was fined eight shillings, and for 
want of goods whereon to make distress, could be 8*31 in 
the stocks not exceeding three hours. 

Profanity was punished by a fine of six shillings for 
every offence, and for want of ability would be set in the 
stocks not more than three hours. By the present law 
of this state, any one who profanely swears in the pres- 
ence of a ju<]ge or magistrate, may, by a sumfnary convic- 
tion, be sentenced to pay a fine. 

Blasphemy was punishable with .death ; likewise an in- 
cendiary v/ho in any manner endangered the life or lives 
of others by his depredations. Slander and defamation 
was punished by a heavy fine, with costs and damages to 
the injured party. Disorders and damages, done in the 
night time,vvere chargeable upon those who would give no 
account of themselves, or were out during the same peri- 
od, and the delinquent party was liable to a pecuriiary a- 
mercement. The crime of lying received the reprehen- 
sions of the public in rather an ignominous way, by a 
fme and stripes. Ho who was guilty of secretly taking 
another's property had to restore threefold and endure 
thirty-nine stripes at the whipping post. 

The people were at that period very fruitful in legal ex- 
pedients upon various other subjects besides those before 
mentioned. Relief laws were enacted — paper money v/as 
made a legal tender in discharge of all contracts, execu- 
tions, &c. — personal property and real estate was, on ap- 
prizement by the highest authority of tlie state, ordered to 
be received in discharge of executions. This provision 
was afterwards so extended that a payment could be made 
in such articles as were stipulated in the contract, al- 
though the time for its discharge had long elapstdo. 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 2S3 

Vermont was in fact an independent government at this 
time, subject to no authority but her own and allied to no 
power on earth. She raised ond paid her own quota of 
troops for the continental service, laid embargoes, regu- 
lated her commerce and intercourse with other nations, 
granted letters of marque and reprisal^ and pardoned 
those who were guilty of treason. 

The legislature considered Ihomselves invested with 
transcendent powers. The decisions of the courts were 
frequently overruled by legislative authority, executions 
were ordered satisfied and new trials granted. Land caus- 
es were tried before commissioners, with powers only del- 
egated for that purpose, and finally they were adjudicated 
hetbre the governor and council, who had exclusive juris- 
diction in such cases. The standard ot gold and silver 
coin was also determined by the l:nv of the state. Such 
were some of the first laws enacted by the legislature of 
Vermont, which are now superceded by more comprehen- 
sive and enlightened methods of civil policy and legislation. 
So much of the common law of England as is applica- 
ble to the local situation and circumstances, and is not 
repugnant to the constitution or to any act of the legisla- 
ture of this state, is adopted as law within the same. The 
criminal code of Vermont has been mitigated since the 
erection of the state penitentiary, and five out of nine of 
the crimes made capital by a former law of the State, havo 
been repealed. 

Treason, murder, perjury, by means of which some per- 
con^s life is taken away, and arson, effected in such man- 
ner that the life of a person is destroyed, are punished with 
death. Treason consists in levying or conspiring to levy 
war against the state, or in giving aid to the enemies of 
the state, by a person owing allegiance to the same. The 
testimony necessary for conviction is the confessi'^n of the 
party in open court, on the evidence of two witnesses to 
some overt act of treason. Murder in the first degree is 
defined to be the malicious, deliberate and premeditated 
killing of a human being. The destruction of life by per- 
jury is declared to be a wilful misrepresentation of facte, 
for the purpose of destroying lite, which does take elTecl 
according to such design ; and that by arson, consists in 

25* 



S94 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

the deatli of a person by means of burning some buildings 
that are inhabited. The other high crimes are punishable 
by imprisonment and fines. The time of imprisonment is 
proportioned to the enormity of the offence, and fixed at 
the discretion of tlie court. — Manslaughter and bearing 
false-witness, not affecting life, are punishable by confiRe- 
ment in the state's prison during life, or for a term not less- 
than seven years, and a fine not exceeding ICOO dollars. 
Misprison of treason, by imprisonment not exceeding sev- 
en years, and a fine not more than 2000 dollars. Arson » 
without death; assault, with an intent to rob ; forgery, 
with a disqualification of being sworn to give evidence on 
a verdict; rape, and perjury, also, are punishable by im- 
prisonment not exceeding seven years, and a Mne of 2000 
dollars. A second convicnon for iiorse stealing is punish- 
ed by imprisonment for a term not exceeding fifteen years^ 
; and a fine not more than 1000 dollars. Bigamy and rob- 
bery, the same punishments as for horse stealing ; and ?i 
second conviction, imprisonment for life, or a term not 
less than seven years. Theft, receiving stolen goods, and 
assault with an intent to know a person, imprisonment not 
exceeding seven years, and a fine not more than 500 dol- 
lars. Breaking jail, connterfeiting metals, swindling and 
impeding authority, by imprisonment not exceeding tlirce 
years, and a fine not more than 300 dollars. Adultery, 
poligamy, incest, illicit intention under certain circum- 
stances, and disintering the dead, by imprisonment not 
more than three years, and a fine not exceeding 1000 dol- 
lars. Fraudulent practices and t'orging coin, by imprison- 
rsent not exceeding five years, and a fme not more than 
500 dollars. Counterfeiting bank notes, by imprisonment 
not exceeding fourteen years, and a fine not exceeding 
lOO^J dollnrs. Maiuiing, by imprisonment not less than 
seven years. Malicious transportation of a citizen of the 
state, by imprisonment seven years, and a fine not more 
than 1000 dollars. Rescue of a prisoner, by imprison- 
ment not exceeding ten years, and a fine not exceeding 
500 dollars. Guards of the state prison suffering a vol- 
untary escape, itnprisonment for one year, and a fine of 
five hundred dollars. 

The term oi' time for imprisonment is in all instaac^e 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 295 

except four, and the fine in all cases, is left to the discre- 
tion of the court. They can either imprison or fine, or 
award both at the time of conviction. In all cases except 
one, imprisonment is accompanied with hard labor, and 
two only award for life. 

Great credit has been given by many writers and friends 
of humanity to the reformation in the laws of most of the 
states by substituting confinement at liard labor in place 
of the disgusting and demoralizing public punishments to 
which, by former laws, criminals have been subjected. — 
Had the guilty been generally reformed by this humane 
method of punishment, a short period only would be ne- 
cessary to work an entire reformation among the lower 
classes of mankind. But the recordsof our states prisons 
and the presentments of the grand jurors siiow that the 
fear of hard labor and confinement does not have a saluta- 
ry influence upon all who have been subjects of them.— 
The annual number of convicts to the state's prison for 
several years has been about twenty-four. Since that 
time the number has considerably increased. The great- 
er part of these have been sentenced for theft and coun- 
terfeiting. There has been but three executions in Ver- 
mont, by a sentence of a court of law, since the assump- 
tion of the government, in 1777. Dean was the first that 
was executed, in 1803, at Burlington. Then Godfrey, at 
Woodstock, in 1818; and Virginia, a man of color, at 
St. Albans, in 1820. Redding was executed at Benning- 
ton betore the present form of government was organized, 
and a number sufti^red in the time of the war by sentence 
of court martials. 

CountUs, Totvns and Courts. — Vermont is divided into 
the following counties. Bennington, Rutland, Addison, 
Chittenden, Franklin and (xrand-Isle, on the west side of 
the mountain ; Windham, Windsor, Orange, Caledonia, 
Essex, Orleans and Washington on the east side. These 
Sire again subdivided into two hundred and forty-six town- 
ships and fifteen gores. The judiciary powers of tlie 
8tate are vested in the supreme court and court of chan- 
cery, consisting of five judges and a county court in each 
county, having one of the supreme court judges for a chief 
jastice, and two assistant judges appointed from thecoun- 



2D6 HISTORY OF VERMOiNT. 

ty» and a probate court in each district, of which there oro 
nineteen, and justices of the peace in each town, appoint- 
ed annually by the legislature. The supreme court and 
court of chancery hold one session a year in each county. 
This court have original and conclusive jurisdiction in all 
8uits in chancery and petitions not triable by a jury ; and 
have power now given by law to issue and determine all 
writs of error, habeas corpus, mandamus, scirefacias, and 
certiorari, and all other writs, agreeable to the usages of 
law. And either of them, as chancellors, at any county 
or in vacation, may make interlocutory orders or decrees, 
issue writs, subpcsnas and other processes necessary to 
be made, and also make any necessary orders of notice 
in any suit in chancery or law. Appeals are had from the 
judgement of the county court to the supreme court only 
for the hearing of some issue of law, determined by such 
county court. And all questions of law arising upon jury 
trials, wjiich are placed upon record by the agreement of 
parties or the allowance of any two of the judges who 
phall attend the trial, may pass to the supreme court for 
decision, and as a court of chancery they have power to 
issue writs of sequestration and to grant new trials. The 
county courts hold two sessions in each of the counties 
annually. They have in their respective counties origin- 
al jurisdiction of all criminal matters of every name or nc- 
ture,arising within such counties, except such ne are made 
cognizable before justices of the peace, and award sen- 
tence on the same ; and also have original jurisdiction of 
ell civil matters whatsoever, except such as are by thia 
«ct made cognizable before the supreme court ; and euch 
as are made cognizable before justices of the peace can 
render judgement and award execution thereon, and have 
appellate jurisdiction in all pauper causes, probate appeals 
or petitions from the decisions of justices of the peace. — 
Justices of the peace within their respective jurisdiction 
have power to try all actions of a criminal nature, if the 
fmee and torfeitures are within the sum of seven dollars, 
and to bind over all offenders whose crimes exceed their 
power to try. They have original and exclusive jurisdic- 
tion in civil causes, where the matter in demand does not 
exceed lOQ dollars, except in actions for slanderous words, 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 297 

roplovin above the sum of seven dollars, and trespass up- 
on the freehold above the sum of 20 dollars. Action on 
book account may be brought before tliem, where the de- 
bit of the plaintitt's book does wot exceed 100dollars,and 
on note, wiiere the sum due does not exceed 100 dollars. 
No judgement rendered by a justice of the peace can be 
reversed by a writ of error or certiorari before the pu- 
premo court. The adjustment of claims in favor or a- 
gainst the estate of a person deceased, are settled befero 
commissioners appointed by the judge of probate for that 
purpose, whoso decision may, however, be appealed from 
to the supreme court. Five road commissioners are an- 
nually appointed by tiie legislature, for each county, who 
have power, upon the application of twenty or more free- 
holders, and upon a viev/ of the premises, to lay out and 
establish public roads or to alter and discontinue old 
ones by whomsoever laid out — to order the building or re- 
pairing of roads or bridges, and direct such sum as each 
town shall be liable to pay for such purposes, and to issue 
execution for costs. An appeal may be had from the de- 
crees of t!>e commissioners to the county court, whera 
damages are not satisfactorily assessed, who can upon tri- 
al of the case order new proceedings to be had on the sub- 
ject. 

Revnntte. — Public taxes are t!ie principal source of rev- 
enue in tiiis state. Tliose kinds of property subject to 
taxation arc designated by law, and the rates at which 
they shall be assessed, and an inventory, is yearly made 
out. in June, and called the grand list, which for ISoO 
amounted to $1,834,980. Three cents upon the dollar, is 
generally voted for the support of the government. The 
sum paid into the treasury for taxes last year, after de- 
ducting the expense of collecting, was $39,912 30, and 
$9,550 09 was derived from other sources, which make« 
the whole revenue of the state. 

Expenses of Government. — The sum paid into the treas- 
ury is mostly expended for the yearly administration of 
the government of V^ermont. But there are other occas- 
ional and contingent expenses arising almost every year, 
such as those paid to commissioners, council of censorj*, 
and conventions. Taking the census of 1630, the annual 



293 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

pum which each individual in the state pays for the protec- 
tion of his person and property, and the advantages of a 
free government, is about twenty cents. Among the sala^ 
ries paid out by the state, the governor has 750 dollars, 
each of the judge? $1,050, secretary $450, treasurer $400, 
secretary to the governor and council $250, clerk of the 
general assembly $375^the lieutenant-governor $4 per 
day, co\incillors and representatives $1 50 each per day, 
engrossing clerk $75, besides $2 50 per day for attend- 
ance. So long as the government continue economical in 
their expenditure the freedom of the country may be pre- 
served. Large salaries and prodigal emoluments are pro- 
ductive of ruinous controversies and political intrigues. — 
For those in power, who derive their living from the pub- 
lic, will compute the honor and dignity of the government 
by the sums of public money which they receive. 



CHAPTER XV* 



Population of the. State, — Banks. — Militia. — Colleges.— 
Religion. 

Population. — The following dales show when the sever- 
nl counties were incorporated under the state of New-York , 
and afterwards oy the government of Vermont: also the 
time when each township was granted or chartered and se t- 
t'od ; together with the number of inhabitants in each cou n- 
ty. for ail the censuses that have been taken in the state, 
and the l;>st in each town. The territory of Vermont was 
on the first division, in 1765, formed into four counties: 
Albany in the soutii-west, Charlotte in the north-west, 
Cumberland in the south-east, and Gloucesterin the north- 
ea-5t part; but is now divided into thirteen counties. 

Windham county contains 24 towns and four gores, wan 
incorporated in 17S1, and had a population of 17,693 in 
1791, 23,5Sl in iSaO, 28,760 in 1810, 28,457 in 1S20, 
28, 748 in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter. Settlement. No.inhab. 

Acton February 23, 1782 1800 _ 17G 



HISTORY OF VERMONT, 



299 



Athens 


March 11, 


1T80 


1779 


415 


Brattleborough December 2G, 


53 


21 


2741 


Brookline 


October 30, 


94 


77 


376 


Dumraerbton 


December 26, 


53 


34 


1592 


Dover 


December 20, 


1810 


87 


831 


Grafton 


April 6, 


175^1 


68 


1139 


Guilford 


April 4, 


51 


5^1 


1760 


Halifax 


May 11, 


50 


6i 


1562 


Jamaica 


November 7, 


SO 


80 


1523 


Londonderry 


February 30, 


70 


74 


130i^ 


Marlborough 


September 21, 


61 


63 


1218 


New fane 


May 11, 


72 


74 


14^11 


Putney 


December 6, 


5:3 


53 


1510 


Rockingham 


December J^, 


5^ 


&3 


227^ 


Somerset 








245 


tStratton 








312 


Townshend 


Jane 20, 


53 


61 


1386 


Vernon 


September 5, 


53 


53 


691 


Westminster 


November 9, 


52 


42 


1737 


Wardsborough 


I November 7, 


80 


80 


1148 


Whitingbam 


March 23, 


80 


70 


1477 


Wilmington 


June 17, 


63 


70 


1367 


Windham 


February 30, 


70 


74 


&47 



Bennington countif^ coijtairiing 17 towns, was incorpo- 
rated in 1781, and had a population of 12,554 in 1791, 
14,617 in 1300, 15,893 in J810, 16,135 m 18% 17,470 
in 1830, 



Date of 


grant or charter. 


Settlement. 


No.inkab. 


Arlington 


July 


•23, 


nci 


1763 


1207 


Bennington 


January 


3, 


49 


61 


3419 


Dorset 


August 


20, 


61 


68 


1507 


Glastonbury 


August 


20, 


61 


70 


52 


I/andgrove 


November 


8, 


80 


69 


385 


Manchester 


August 


11, 


61 


64 


1625 


Peru 


October 


13, 


61 


73 


455 


Pownal 


January 


8. 


60 


61 


1835 


Rupert 


August 


30, 


61 


70 


1318 


RcadQboro* 










662 


feaadgate 


August 


19, 


61 


63 


933 


Searsboro' 


February 


23, 


81 




4G 


Skiftsbury 


August 


30. 


61 


G3 


2143 





503 


1765 


463 


61 


571 


96 


395 


1781, 


and con- 



30O HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

Stamford March 6, 1753 

Sunderland July 30, 61 

Winhall September 15, 61 

Woodford March 6, 53 

Rutland county was incorporated in 
tains 26 towns, with a population of 15,565 in 1791, 
23,813 in ISOO, 29.487 in 1810, 29,975 in 1S20, 31,293 
in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter. Settlement. No.inhah, 
Benson 
Brandon 
Castleton 
Chittenden 
Clarendon 
Danby 
Fairhaven 
Hubbardton 
Ira 

Mendon 
Mount Holly 
Mount Tabor 
Middlctown 
Orwell 
Paw let 
rittsford 
Pittsfield 
Poultney 
Sherburn 
Shrewsbury 
Sudbury 
Tinmouth 
Wallingford 
Wells 

West-Haven 
Rutland 

Windsor county was incorpoAted in 1781, containing 
^ towns and one gore, and had a population of 15,748 in 
1791, 26,944 in 1800, ai,877 in 1810, 38,233 in 1820, 
40,623 in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter. Settlement. No.inhdb. 
Aodover October 16, 1761 1776 975 



May 


5, 


1780 


1783 


1493 


October 


20, 


62 


83' 


1940 


September 20, 


61 


61 


1783 


March 


16, 


80 


a5 


610 


September 


5, 


61 


78 


1535 


August 


27, 


61 


68 


1362 


October 


27, 


79 


83 


675 


June 


15, 


6^1 


74 


865 


May 


31, 


79 


79 


442 


February 


23, 


81 


1806 


432 


Octol)er 


31, 


92 


1781 


1316 


August 


28, 


61 

86 




210 
919 


August 


8, 


63 


83 


1598 


August 


26, 


61 


61 


1965 


October 


]2, 


61 


68 


2005 


July 


29, 


81 


86 


505 


September 


21, 


61 


7l 


1909 


July 


7, 


61 


65 


452 


September 


4, 


63 


85 


1289 


August 


6, 


61 




812 


September 


15, 


61 


75 


1049 


November 


27, 


61 


73. .. 


1740 


September 


15, 


61 


68 


880 


October 


27, 


79 


83 


724 


September 


7, 


61 


70 


2753 



HISTORY OF 


VERiMONT. 




301 




^ 










Baltimore 


. October 


19. 


1793 


1763 


179 


Bethel 


October 


27, 


79 


80 


1667 


Barnard 


July 


17, 


iii 


75 


1881 


Briclgewater 


July 


10, 


61 


79 


1311 


Cavendish 


October 


12, 


61 


71 


■1498 


Chester 


February 


4, 


66 


64 


2320 


Hartford 


July 


4, 


%i 


61 


2044 


Hartland 


June 


15, 


82 


63 


2505 


Ludlow 


September 


1^, ■ 


61 


84 


1227 


Norwich 


July 


4, 


4( 


63 


2316 


Plymouth 


July 


0, 


U 


76 


1237 


Pom fret 


July 


8, 


(( 


70 


1867 


Reading 


July 


0, 


8i 


72 


1409 


Rochester 


August 


3J, 


81, 


83 


l;392 


Rojaltoa 


August 


3, 


70 


63 


1893 


Sharon 


August 


17, 


61 


82 


1459 


Springfield 


August 


20, 


«« 


82 


2749 


Stock bridge 


July 


2j, 


t( 


84 


i3fJ3 


Weathersfleld 


February 


20, 


a 


77 


2213 


Weston 


xMarch 


3, 


ISOO 


76 


172 


Windsor 


July 


6, 


1761 


61 


3934 


Woodstock 


Juh' 


lO, 


t( 


68 


3044 


Orange county was incorpor 


ated in 17 


'92, an 


d contains 


17 towns, wi 


♦h a population of 


• 7,331 in 


1791, 


I6,3l8 in 


ISOO, 2j,72l 


in 1311), 21,169 


in 132 J, 


27,23 


5 in JS3a 


Bate of 


grant or charter. 


tStt'.lement, 


NoauIigI, 


Bradford 


January 


22, 


l79i 


1 761 


1 507 


Braintree 


November 


2, 


60 


83 


1209 


Brook field 


November 


6, 


80 


79 


1677 


Chelb-ea 


November 


2, 


80 


83 


1958 


Corinth 


February 


4, 


64 


78 


1 95:3 


Fairlee 


September 


9, 


61 


m 


656 


New bur/ 


May 


18, 


63 


64 


2252 


Orange 


November 


6, 


80 


93 


i0i6 


Randolph 


Novembei 


• 2, 


80 


77 


2743 


Stratford 


August 


12, 


61 


74 


1935 


Thetford 


August 


12, 


it 


64 


2113 


Topsham 


June 


17, 


03 


81 


1384 


Tuubridge 


Septembei 


r 2, 


63 


76 


1920 


Vershire 


November 7, 


80 


80 


1260 


Washington 


November 6, 


80 


92 


1374 



23 



SD2 HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 

West Fairlee September 9, i76l l76S 84l 

Williamstown November 6, 80 84 1487 

Addison county was incorporated in 1787, containing 
22 towns and 1 gore, and had a population of 9488 in 
1791, 13,417 in 1800, 19,993 in 1810, 20,469 in 1820, 
24,907 in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter. Settlement. No.inkah. 
Addison October 14, 1761 1731 130& 

Bridport October 10, * 69 1774 

Bristol June 20, * 84 1247 

Cornwall November 3, * 74 1264 

Ferrisburgh June 24, 62 85 1822 

Goshen February 23, 82 1800 555 

Hancock November 7, 80 1788 472 

Kingston November 7, * 86 403 

Leicester October 20, 63 90 GSS 

Lincoln November 7, 80 90 639 

Middlebury November 2, 61 66 S468 

Monkton June 24, 62 55 1384 

New-Haven November 2, 61 69 1^34 

Fanton November 3, 64 70 605 

Ripton April 13, 81 1808 27S 

Salisbury November 3, 61 1775 907 

Shoreham October 8, 61 66 2137 

Starksborough November 7, 80 80 1342 

Vergennea October 23, 88 66 999 

Waltham 96 73 330 

Weybridge November 5, 61 74 . 850 

Whiting August 6, 63 72 653 

Chittenden county, incorporated in 1787, contains 16 
towns and 1 gore, and had a population of 3918 in 1791, 
9563 in 1800, 14,6^ in 1810, 16,055 in 18^, 21,775 in 
1S30. 

Date of grant or charter. Seithment, No.inhah, 



Bolton 


October 


27. 


1794 




453 


Burlington 


June 


7, 


63 


1775 


3526 


Charlotte 


June 


24, 


62 


76 


1702 


Colchester 


June 


7, 


63 


74 


1489 


Essex 


June 


7, 


63 


83 


1664 


Hinesburgh 


June 


21, 


62 


83 


1669 


Huntington 


June 


7, 


63 


m 


929 



Jcrico 


June 


Mansfield 


June 


Milton 


June 


Richmond 


October 


Shelburn 


August 


St. George 


August 


Underbill 


June 


Westford 


June 


Williston 


June 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 303 

8, 



1763 


1774 


1654 


63 


1800 


279 


63 


1783 


2100 


93 


75 


1109 


63 


70 


1117 


63 


ai 


^135 


63 • 


86 


1052 


63 


64 


1290 


63 


74 


1608 



18, 

8, 

7, 

Washington county was incorporated bj its present 
name in 1814, embracing 18 towns, and had a population 
of 711 in 1791, 5703 in 1800, 10,190 in 1810, 14,725 in 
132(), 21,376 in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter, Settlement. No.inhab. 
I^arre August 12, 1781 1796 2012 

Berlin June 7, 63 66 1664 

€a!His October 21, 80 7 1539 

Duxbury June 7, 63 9 652 

Elmore August 21, 81 90 442 

Faystoh February 25, 2 98 458 

Marshfield June 8, 63 1800 1271 

Middlesex June * 63 1781 IISC. 

Montpelier August 14, -81 6 3065 

Moretown June 7, 63 90 816 

Northfield November 6, 80 88 1412 

Plainfield October 27, 8 94 874 

Roxbury August 6, 1 89 737 

Stow June 8, 63 93 1570 

Waitsfield February 25, 82 89 95S 

Waterbury June 7, 65 4 1650 

Warren October 20, 89 97 766 

Worcester June 8, 63 97 434 

Caledonia county was incorported in 1792, has l9 towns 
and 3 gores, with a population or2047 in l79l, 7566 in 
1800, 11,966 in I8l0, l6,669 in 1820, 2,967 in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter. Settlement. No.inhab. 
Barnet September 15, 1763 1770 1764 

Burke February 26, 82 90 866 

Cabot August 17, 81 85 1S04 

Danville October 31, 86 84 2631 

Groton October 20, 89 87 886 

ilardivich August 19, 81 90 1216 



304 



HISTORY OF VERiMONT. 



Kirby 
Lvndon 


October 27, 


1790 


1799 


401 


November 20, 


SO 


88 


132-2 


Newark 


August 15, 


81 


1800 


257 


Peacham 


December SI, 


G3 


1775 


1851 


Rve^ate 


September 8, 


63 


74 


1119 


SheHi.Md 


November 7, 


80 


92 


720 


St. Johnsbury 


November 1, 


86 


86 


1592 


Sutton 


February 6, 


8-2 


91 


1008 


VValden 


August " 18, 


SO 


89 


827 


Watsrlord 


November S, 


-SO 


87 


1358 


Wheelock 


June 14, 


85 


90 


834 


Woodbury 


Augnii^'t 1(3, 


SI 


1800 


824 


Brad ley vale 


Jarxuary 27, 


91 


Ci 


21 


Goshen gore 


November 1, 


9S 


01 


200 


Harris' gore 


October SO, 


81. 


21 


19 



Essex coiinft/ was incorporated in 1792, contains 17 
towns and 3 gores, and had a population of 5S3 in 1791 » 
UTdin 1300, 3037 in iSlO, SdS^% in 1820, 3917 in 1830. 



Date oj 


■ grant or charter. 


Sctilement. No.inhab. 


Brunswick 


February 


26, 


17S2 


1790 1!6 


Canaan 


July 


29, 


62 


85 875 


Concord 


September 15, 


81 


88 1031 


Ferdinand 


October 


rs, 


61 


uninhabited 


Gran by 


October 


10, 


61 


1300 97 


Guildhall 


October 


10, 


61 


1764 481 


l.emington 


Jun3 


29, 


62 


1800 -iS^ 


Lunenburgh 


July 


5, 


63 


1770 1054 


liewis 


June 


29, 


62 


iminhabited 


Maidstone 


October 


1-2, 


61 


1770 2S6 


Minebcad 


June 


29, 


62 


1800 15a 


Averiii 


June 


23, 


62 


1 


East Haven 


October 


22 


90 


25 


Norton 






62 


uninhabited 


iiandom 


'August 


13, 


81 


S3 105 


Wenlock 


October 


13, 


61 


23 24 


Victory 


September 6, 


81 


21 5S 


Orleans cdunt)/ was incoi 


rporated in 


1792, has 23 towns 


nnd 1 gore, 


with a popula 


tionorn9 in 1790, 1381 in 


1800, 5G71 i 


hi 1810, G31S 


1 in 1320, 


13,980 in 1830. 



Date of grant or charter. 
Albany June 26, 

Barton October 20, 

Browni'.igton October 2, 

Crallsbury November 12, 

Charleston Novem.ber 8, 



Settlement. Nc.inhab. 

1782 1800 68S 

96 1796 729 

90 " 41 bi 

90 91 yS'i 

80 laos 50'-; 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 



305 



Derby 


October 


29, 


1779 


1795 


1469 


Eden 


August 


28, 


• 81 


1802 


461 


Glover 


November 20, 


83 


1797 


902 


Greensboro' 


August 


20, 


81 


83 


784 


Holland 


October 


26, 


89 


1800 


422 


Hydepark 


August 


7, 


81 


1737 


823 


Irasburgh 


February 23, 


e 


99 


860 


Jay 


November 7, 


92 


1812 


196 


Kellyvale 


June 


7, 


91 


06 


814 


Morg'an 


November 6, 


80 


00 


331 


Morristown 


August 


24, 


81 


1790 


1315 


Newport 


October 


80, 


1802 


cc 


284 


Salem 


August 


IS, 


1781 


98 


• 230 


Troy 


October 


13, 


92 


1800 


608 


Westfield 


May 


15, 


80 


cc 


353 


VVoolcot 


August 


22, 


81 


cc 


492 


Westmoro 


August 


17, 


81 


02 


32 


Coventry 


October 


23, 


85 


00 


728 


Coventry gore 


granted same time 






6 


Franklin county was incorporated in 


1792, an( 


3 contains 


19 towns and 2 gores, ha* 


] a population of 1939 in 1791. 


7582 in 1800, 


16,427 in 1810, 


17,192 


in 1820, 


21,525 in 


1830. 












Date of grant or charter. 


Settlement. No.inhah. 


Bakersfield 


June 


25, 


1791 


1789 


1087 


Belvidere 


November 4, 


91 


91 


185 


Berkshire 


June 




81 


92 


1308 


Cambridge 


August 


13, 


i 


83 


1613 


Enosburgh 


May 


15, 


i 


97 


1560 


Fairfax 


August 


18, 


63 


S3 


1729 


Fairfield 


August 


i 


63 


8 


2270 


Fletcher 


August 


20, 


81 




793 


Franklin 


March 


19,, 


89- 


9 


1129 


Georgia 


August 


17, 


63 


4 


1897 


Highgate 


August 


17, 


63 


4 


2038 


Johnson 


January 


2, 


92 


4 


1079 


Montgomery 


October 


8, . 


, 89 


93 


460 


Richford 


August 


21, 


80 


90 


704 


Sheldon 


August 


18, 


63 


90 


1427 


Sterling 


February 


25, 


82 


99 


183 


St. Albans 


Augfust 


7, 


63 


85 


2395 


SwantDn 


October 


17, 


63 


7 


2158 


WaterviUe 


October 


26, 


88— called Coil's 


gore 483 


Avery's Gore 


June 


23, 


96 


1817 


22 


Grand Isle 


coimlT/ was incorporated 


in 1802, 


contains 






26* 









306 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 



5towns, \vithapopiilationofll55ml79i, 2498itil800, 
SM^in ISIO, 3527 in 1^20; 3696 in 1830. 

Date of grant or charter. Settlement. No.inhah. 

Alburgh February 23, 1781 1782 lf2S» 

Grand Isle October S7, 79 S 459 

North Hero October ' 79 5 C88 

South Hero October * 79 , 4 7l7 

Vineyard October • 79 ' 5 tAZ 
The aggregate amount of each desf:ription of persona, 
"by classes, in the state of Vermont, are: — 

FREE WHITE PERSONS t 

Males under five years of age . - - 5IC80 

five, and under ten - - - 1941j0 

ten and under fiileen . .^ _ 17596 

tilteen and under twenty .- - - 15805 

twenty and under tb.irty -- - - 24200 

thirty, and under forty - - . 157611 

firty and under fifty _ _ > 1044S 

•fitly and undersixty . .- » 7052 

sixty and under seventy - - - 619^ 

seventy and under eighty - — - 2204 

ftighty and under ninety - - - COS 

ninety and under one hundred - - 4& 

one hundred and upw-ards - - S 







140,00S 


i^Vmales under five years of age 


•1526 




five and under ten 


18633 




ten and under til\een - 


16877 




fifteen and under twenty 


15776 




twenty and under thirty 


25167 




thirty''and under torty 


16'i57 




Ibrty and under fifty 


11 085 




fidy and under sixty 


7157 




sixty and under seventy 


4728 




seventy and under eighty 


2089 




eighty and under ninety 


66a 




ninety and under one hundred 


87 




one. hundred and upwards 


h 


]S9,78$ 



279,794 



FREE COLORED PKRSO!*S : 

Males wnder ten years - - - 126 

,-ten.and under twenty - -- 114 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 307 

^ale« twenty-four and under thirty-six 
thirtynsix and under fifty-five 
filly-five and under one hundred - 
one hundre<i and upwards - 

Females under ten years 

ten and under twenty-four 

twenty-tour and under thirty-six 

thirty-six and under fitly 

fitly and under one hundred 

one hundred and upwards 

230,679 
Of white persons included in the above, who are deaf and 
dumb, under particular ages, there are:— Under fourteen yeara 
of age, 37 — fourteen and under twenty-five, 98 — twenty-five and 
upwards, 54. Blind persons, 49. Colored persons, of all ages, 
deal and dumb, 2. 

There are in the state; aliens and foreigners not naturalized, 
. 5420. 



78 




bS 




4S 




2 


4S0 


121 




126 




78 




70 




56 




4 


4bi 







In 1820. 


In 1830. 


Windham county 


S 


6 


.Bennington 


(( 


6 


58 


Rutland 


(( 


45 


16S . 


Windsor 


iC 


29 


75 


Orange 


IC 


.13 


23 


Addison 


(C 


151 


400 


Chittenden 


f( 


217 


822 


Washington 


tc 


# 6 


49 


Caledonia 


K 


272 


55 


Essex 


(( 


4 


1 


Orleans 


*f 


5 


145 


Franklin 


(( 


145 


1107 


Grand Isl« 


. t( 


S9 


516 



935 3420 

Tfee §o!ored population has decreased from 903 to 885. 
According to the census of the towns in 1820, compair- 
©d with that of 1830, fifty-one towns have decreased in 
numbers within the last ten years, Burlington has the 
most inhabitants of any town in the €tate; Middlebury is 
the next in size. Five towns hftve over three thousand in- 
habitants ; twenty-two towns over two thousand, and "6ne 
.hundred and five over one thousand; fifty-three town« 
-over five hundred. Fourteen towns have only four hun- 
. drjed and forty-nine inhabitants : that is,under one hundred 



308 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

in each. One hundred and thirty-eight towns were char- 
tered by the government of New-Hampshire, and the re- 
mainder one hundred and eight under the authority of Ver- 
mont. Ninety-five towns were settled before and during 
the war of the American Independence. Four towns and 
two gores have been settled within the lai-t ten years. — 
The least number of people in any town is one. Three 
towns and nine gores are yet uninhabited. The number 
of post offices in Vermont,before her admission into IheU- 
nion, which were established and controlled by the authori- 
ty of (he state, were five, located at Bennington, Rutland, 
Brattleborough, Windsor and Newbury. The present 
.number is about one hundred and eighty-five. 

Among the numerons villages in Vermont, three have 
a population exceeding one thousand, and seven exceed- 
ing five hundred. Between seventeen hundred and two 
thousand mills and machines are propelled by water in the 
state. 

Banks. — The first banking incorporation chartered in 
the state was in the year 1896. Two branches were es- 
tablished, one at Woodstock, and the other at Middlebury. 
The next year two additional branches were granted, at 
Burlington and Westminster. The management of this 
institution was under the direction of thirteen directors, 
and the state v/ere the exclusive proprietors of all the 
property and profits of the bank. The concerns of the in- 
stitution became bankrupt, and the bills were consequent- 
ly withdrawn from circulation. 

Ten banks have been incorporated in Vermont, from 
1817 to 1829. Windsor bank was incorporated with a 
capital of $100,000, in 1817; and Burlington, with a cap- 
ital of $159,000, in 1818. The next bank vvas established 
•at Brattleboro', Nov. 5, 1821, with a capital of 100,000 
dollars. Rutland bank was chartered in 1824; Caledonia, 
Montpelier and St. Albans banks, in 1825; Vergennes 
bank in 1826, and Orange and Bennington banks in 1827, 
all with a capital of 100,000 dollars. Their charters are 
limited to the term of fifteen years, and Ihe number of di- 
rectors having the management of these institutions to five, 
except Burlington and Rutland, which have seven. These 
banks pay into the state's treasury, six per cent, of all the 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 809 

profits, and the proceedings of the directors of each bank 
are inspected annually by a committee appointed by the 
legislature. The banking system has in many and fre- 
quent instances produced very heavy losses to the public. 
This originates in the want of other security than the cor- 
porate funds. If the stockholders were obliged to secure 
the amount of stock they take up, by mortgaging real es- 
tate, no losses could be sustained. The stockholders, as 
the case now is, either from i.'nexpected misfortunes or 
by mismanagement or dishonesty, may render every dol- 
hir of paper currency now in circulation worth no more 
than a dividend of capital and the profits gained by the 
operation of the bank, which with many of them would 
occasion an overwhelming loss. A branch of the United 
States bank has lately been located and gone into op- 
eration at Burlington. 

Three fire insurance companies have been incorporated, 
two of them with capitals of 200,000 dollars each, one 
fixed at Middlebury, in 1821:, and tiie other at Windsor, 
in 1825. The mutual fire insurance company was incor- 
porated at Montpelier in 1827 : this is founded upon very 
different principles from the others. Every person who 
insures becomes a member of the company. 

Militia. — The military force of this state consists of 
all the able-bodied males, with the exception of those who 
are exempted by law, between the ages of 18 and 45 yearn. 
Each military subject is required to provide himself with 
such arms and equipments as are necessary for actual 
service, which exempts his poll from taxation. They are 
divided into four divisions, and these again into brigades, 
regiments and companies. Tlie companies elect tiie cap- 
tains and subalterns. The field officers ore chosen by tho 
captains and subalterns. Brigadier and major generals 
are appointed by the legislature. The governor is captain 
general andcomniander-in chief,and with the advice of the 
council is to arrange the whole militia into divisions and 
brigades, and may from time to time, make such alterations 
as shall seem proper. By a law passed in 1829, regimen- 
tal and company's reviews, except one in June by the re- 
spective companies of militia, are abolished. Each divis- 
ion is commanded by a major general, with a division in* 



SIO HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

•pector, a quartermaster and two aids : each brigade bj a' 
general, inspector, quartermaster, and one aid: each reg- 
iment by one colonel, two lieutenant colonels, one major 
and the usual staff, and each company by a captain, lieu- 
tenant and ensign, with the usual number of noh-c6mmis« 
eioned officers. Several companies of artillery and caval- 
ry are connected to the several regiments in the state.— 
The militia of Vermont have frequently distinguished 
themselves for their perseverance and bravery in times 
tvhen tlve soil of freedom was haughtily invaded by a ty- 
rant^s forces. 

Colleges. — Colteges are established at Burlington and 
Middlebury; the first in 1791, and the other in 1800; 
both of them are well endowed and under the direction of 
faculties distinguished for their talents, virtues and learn- 
ing. Instruction was commenced at Middlebury college, 
under Rev. I. Atwater, who was succeeded by Henry Da- 
vis, D. D. in 1809. He continued until l8l8, when the 
charge of the institution was committed to Rev. Joshua 
Bates, D* D. the present incumbent. This institution is 
in a very flourishing condition. The present number of 
students is nearly one hundred. The old building erected 
before the college was incorporated, contains the public 
rooms. In 1314 a new edifice was built of granular iime- 
Btone, 106 feet long and 40 wide, four stories high, and 
contains forty-eight rooms for students. The library be- 
longing to this institution exceeds 1500 volumes. The 
University of Vermont, at Burlington, has suffered very 
much since instruction was commenced in it under Rev. 
Daniel C. Saunders, in ls03, by the calamities of war and 
fire. Splendid edifices have been erected on the site 
where the former building was consumed. Rev. James 
Marsh is the president of the institution, and its prospects 
are brightening and bids fair to become a flourishing seat 
of learning. Medical institutions connected with these 
seminaries have been incorporated and gone into success- 
ful operation. 

Religion. — The constitution declares that no person 
•hall be compelled to erect any place of worship, or main- 
tain any minister, contrary to the dictates of his own con- 
science. All denominations, by the same instrument, nr© 



HISTORY OF VERMONT. 311 

enjoined to observe the Sabbath and keep up some kind 
of religious worship, which to them shall seem most agree- 
able to the revealed will of God. The various denomina- 
tions of Christians in this state, are Congregationalists, 
Methodists, Baptists, Free-will Baptists, Presbyterians, 
Episcopalians, Christians, Universalists, Unitarians, and 
Quakers. The number of clergymen employed by the 
Congregational and Methodist churches are about equallj 
numerous, being something more than one hundred in 
each connection. The number of clergymen in every de- 
nomination was 350 in 1827. No new sect has sprung 
up and prevailed generally through the state ; but one, of 
a very limited number, under the name and style ofDor- 
rilites, appeared in 1798, in the town of Guilford. The 
founder of this sect was Dorril, a refugee of Burgoyne's 
army. He assumed to possess supernatural powers, by 
which he was shielded from the evils and injuries of hu- 
man life. The consumption of clothing or food obtained 
at the expense of life, was forbidden to those who embra- 
ced his creed, and assurance was given to those who were 
steadfast and faithful to him, that they should never die. 
The leathern garniture of the feet was exchanged for shoes 
of wood and cloth. Bellows of cloth were used, by a 
blacksmith, and all of them subsisted upon milk and ve- 
getables. The authority of all revelation, except Dorril's, 
was discarded, and their conduct, as they asserted, was 
governed wholly by the light of nature. The worship at 
their weekly meetings consisted in eating, drinking, sing- 
ing, fiddling, and dancing, and in attending DorriFs lec- 
tures, who was well qualified for the business. By a cov- 
enant entered -upon among themselves, a large portion of 
their property was placed in common stock, and the biack- 
emith became their treasurer. Proselytes were easily 
gained, and Dorril soon found himself surrounded by num- 
bers of disciples, of both sexes, from some very respecta- 
ble families in Vermont and Massachusetts. People from 
the adjoining towns went to see the marvelous proceed- 
ings of Dorril and his associates. Atone of their meet- 
ings, when Dorril was delivering a lecture, and having 
come to that portion of the doctrine, treating of his rni- 
racilous powers, a gentlemaa by the name of Ezekiel Por- 



313 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 

ter no sooner heard him say that no arm could hurt his 
flesh, than he rose, indignant at his blasphemy,and knock 
ed him down with his fist — repeating his blows until 
Dorril cried for mercy, and renounced his doctrine in the 
hearing of his astonished followers. With this ti-ansac- 
tion terminated the impious fanaticism of tliis bold impos- 
tor and his deluded followerp. The settlement and sup- 
port of the ministers of religion was encouraged by gov- 
ernor Wentworth, in the earliest grants of townships, 
with a reservation of certain rights of land for religious 
purposes. Three rights were reserved in each town :■— 
erne to the society for propagating the gospel in foreign 
lands, another for a glebe designed for- the use of the Epis- 
cppal clergy, and a third, for the benefit of the first settled 
minister. In those townships granted by the government 
of Vermont, two rights have been reserved for the bene- 
fit of the ministry : one held as an unalienable parsonage 
in the right of the town, and the other became the prop- 
erty of tiie first settled minister, v/hatever might be his 
persuasion. The propagation rights have by an act of 
the legislature been granted for the purpose of schools in 
the several towns where they are located. The glebe 
rights were disposed of in the same manner, until the 
Episcopal church, for whose use they were designed, re- 
covered the lands by an action at law, tried before the su- 
preme court of the United States, and decided in their fa- 
vor. A law was passed in 1787, making contracts valid 
which the people may voluntarily enter upon for the pur- 
pose of settling and suporting a minister. Since the re- 
visal of the constitution, in 1793, no religious test is re- 
quired of any member of the legislature. The govern- 
ment of Vermont has secured to the people those rights 
and privileges which render them free, enlightened and 
happy. Though their way has often been beset with dif- 
ficulties, yet liberty, like a polar star, has attracted their 
attention and received their noblest eftbrts for her pres- 
ervation. Probably republican honor and virtue will 
never rise to greater splendor than was the case in the 
long and ditficult struggle for American ludependence. 



CHAPTERS 

Situation. Extent Mountains. Riveri?, Lakes. Bays. 

Climate. Forest tree??. Esculent and Medicinal plants! 

Quadrupeds. Birde, Fishes, Insects, Mineralogy and 

Geology. - « 7 

CHAPTER IL 
The discovery of Vermont. Situation of ladian Tribes. 
Surrender of Canada to Ureat-Britaio. • 23 

CHAPTER HI. 

View of the Civil Policy from 1760 to 1775. First Settle- 
ment in Vermont Grants from New-Hampshire. Geth 
eral Montgomery invades Canada. Americans retreat 

from Canada. Their defeat upon lake Champlain. 

Burgoyne's invasion. Surrender of the British - 43 

CHAPTER n^ 

£ndian depredations upon the early *^ettlersf. X^estrucuon 
ofRoyalton. Political Affairs*" 111 Vermont, from the 
commencement of the revolution in > <75, until its ter- 
mination in 1783. Meeting of Conventions. JDccI^ 
ration of the Independence of Vermont Transactioaa 
of New-York. Acts of Congress. Controversy and 
claims of New-Hampshire, New- York, and Massachu- 
setts. Commissioners open a negotiation with Vermont 
Proceedings of Vermont Measures pursued by Con- 
gress. Management of the British Agents. Resolu- 
tions of Congress. Transactions between Vermont- 
New-York and New-Hampshire. Washington's com- 
munication. Congress defer the admission of Vermont 
into the Uniou. - - - - - • 7^ 

CHAPTER V. 

A survey of the political affairs of Vermont from the year 
1783, to her admission into the Union of the States,— 
Proceedings at Guilford, Commotion in the southera 
part of the Stat^ Measures pursued by the N(;w-York 
Legislature. Resolutions of Congress. Protest of the 
government of Vermont against them. Cessation of 
hostilities with Groat-Britain. Vermeat averao t« an 



344 jXDEi. 

union with tliG Federal Government. New Confetltai 
tion of the iJnited States. New-York proposes an' 
- adjusiwient of the coatroversy. Settlement of the same. 
Boundaries of the felate efetabiished. Verrnont admit- 
ted into the Union. Consequences ©f the controver4 
sy, - - - - - - - - ll-Jf 

CHAPTER VI. 

A Sketch of Politics from the- year 1791 to the American 
Eiftbargo in the year 180S. Prosperity of Vermont on 
her union with the States. Annual proceedings of the 
Legislature of the State. Effect of the Revolution in 
France upon the policy of this country. Resignatioa 
and death of governor Cliittenden, Mr. Tichenor elec- 
ted governor. Hie proceedings. Civil afiaira of the 
State, and measures pursued by the General Assembly 
at Vergennes, Windsor, Middlebury, Newbury,Burling- 
ton, Westmin&ter, Windsor, Rutiand,Danville, Middle- 
bury, and Woodstock, embracing a period of eleven 
years from 1798 to 1808. Outrage committed by th« 
British ship Leopard upon the United States frigate 
Chesapeake. - - - - - - 131 

CHAPTER Vn. 

A review of tlte legislative proceedings from' the year 1808 
to 1815. Embargo laid by Congress upon the ve««elg 
of the United States. Disturbances under that law in 
.1803. Flood iu July, 1811. John Henry's mission.— 
"United States declaration of war against Great-Britain, 
June 18th, Ifel^. Riotous proceedings at Georgia. — 
Correspondence between governor Chittenden, James 
Monroe, generals Strong, New%>ll and Macomb. Hart- 
ford Convention. 163 

CHAPTER Vni. 

Condition of the United States at the commencement of 
hostilitiea with Great-Britain in 1813. General Dear- 
horn appointed commnnder-in-chief. Northern cam- 
pnign for 1S12. Exp«^dition against Canada, under the 
command of jrenernl Hull. Surrender of his Army. — 
Attack u(>oa Uacc^:«'Own by general Van Rensselaer* 



INDEX. 315 

i)ii90V(lerly conductor the mHltia. Capture of the A- 
inerican forces. Exploits of Captain Wool. Procee- 
dings of general Smythe. Abaadonment of his enter- 
prise against the British provinces. Military opera- 
tions at Champiain. Overtures for peace by the Amer- 
ican government. Termination of the campaign for 
1812. - - 192 

CHAPTER IX. 

Northern Campaign for 1S13. Battle and Massacre at 
Frenchtown. Siege at fort Meigs. Surrender of York. 
Death of general Pike. Fort George taken. Capture 
of generals Chandler and Winder. Proceedings at 
Sacketts Harbor. Repulse of the British at Fort Ste- 
phenson. Perry's Victory on lake Erie. Battle at the 
Thames. Defeat of the British Army. Commodorp 
Chauncey captures the British Squadron on lake Onta- 
rio. Wilkinson takes the command of the center Ar 
rny. Engagement at Williamsburg. Affair at Chateau 
gay. Americans defeated at Black Rock. - 20a 

CHAPTER X. 

Proffered mediation of Russia declined by the British gov- 
ernment Opinions of Great-Britain on the prosecu. 
tion of the War. Unsuccessful attempt at La Colie.— ♦ 
Oswego attacked by the British. Battle of Chippewa. 
Engagomtnt at Bridgewater. The British repulsed in 
their attack upon fort Erie* Successful sortie of gener- 
al Porter against the British garrison near fort Erie. — 
Capitulation of the eastern part of Maine to the enemy. 
Sir George Prevost marches his army into the States. — 
Invasion of Piattsburgh. McDonough's Victory over 
the British squadron, September 11th, 1314, Retreat 
of the English army. Sequel to the history of the war 
with Great-Britaia» A general treaty of peace conclu- 
ded at Ghent* 214 

CHAPTER XK 

A Narrative ©f the Legislative Proceedings from the year 
1S14 to 1821. Unusual cold sammer in lSi6. Presi- 
deat Monroe's Tour throiiditho State. Govcrnoi Ga^ 



316 

Ittsha's resignation in 1819. Mr. Skinner elected gOY- 
ernor in 1820. Resolutions upon the question of ad- 
mitting Missouri into the Union. Election of Judge 
Van Ness governor of Vermont in 1823. General La 
Fayette's visit to Vermont His reception among the 
people. 230 

CHAPTER Xn. 

Proceedings of the General Assembly from the year 1824 
to the termination of the year 1830. Mr.Butler elected 
governor in 1826. Great demand for banking privi- 
leges. Legal provisions for the better regulation of 
common schools. Mr. Crafts' election for governor of 
the state in 1823. Excitement on the subject of the pres^ 
idential election. Controversy concerning masonry. — 
Popular views on the subject Flood^ in 1830. Elec- 
tion of Mr.Crafts by the house of reprei^bntatives. State 
of parties. ------- ^46 

CHAPTER XIIL 
Condition of Society. Different employments of the peo» 
pie. Agriculture. Manufactures. Commerce. Lit- 
erature. - , - - . - - 355 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Character of the people. Poor laws. Various Societies 
for the promotion of the public welfare. American gov- 
ernment Constitution and Laws of Vermont Coun- 
ties. Towns. Courts, and their jurisdictional powers. 
Revenue and expenses of the government - 381 

CHAPTER XV. 

Population of the State. Banks. Militia. Colleges. 
Religion - - - 298 

Errata.— Pa^e 11, ninth line from bottom, for Missisque read 
Lamoille. Same page, 10th line from bottom, for Lamoille read 
Missisque. Page 1% 2d line from top, read Shelburn lor Sel- 
burn. Page 97, 3d line, lor cecession read cessatioa. Page 271, 
1st line, for Stratford read Strafford. Page 274, 16th line, for 
choice businest read choice in business. Page S07j37tli line,read 
Windsor iias tho largest populatioui instead of Burlingtou. 



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